UNIVERSITYo/tALIFORNIA 


COLLEGE  of  MINING 


DEPARTMENTAL 
LIBRARY 


BEQUEST  OF 


SAMUELBENEDICTCHRISTY 

PROFESSOR  OF 

MINING  AND   METALLURGY 

1885-1914 


.   X 


.   X  C  '      '      • 


GLOSSABY 


OF 


BY 


R.  W.  RAYMOND,  Pn.D.,  NEW  YORK, 


FROM  VOLUME  IX,  TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  INSTITUTE  OP 
MINING  ENGINEERS. 


EASTON,    PA.: 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  INSTITUTE, 

AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY,  LAFAYETTE  COLLEGE. 
1881. 


"TV/? 


A  GLOSSARY  OF  MINING  AND  METALLURGICAL  TERMS. 

BY  R.    W.    RAYMOND,    PH.D.,    NEW  YORK. 

THE  absence  of  a  convenient  glossary  of  terms  connected  with 
mining  and  metallurgy  has  long  been  felt  by  the  general  public.  It 
is  to  meet  this  want,  not  to  furnish  a  technical  manual  for  experts, 
that  the  following  glossary  has  been  prepared.  It  originated  in  an 
attempt  on  my  part  to  revise  for  publication  the  manuscript  of  a 
compilation  prepared  from  the  appendix  of  Yale's  work  on  Mining 
Titles  and  one  or  two  other  sources,  to  serve  as  an  appendix  to  a 
new  work  on  mining  law,  about  to  be  published  by  Mr.  H.  N.  Copp, 
of  Washington,  D.  C.  Thjs  revision  soon  assumed,  contrary  to  my 
original  intention,  the  proportions  of  a  reconstruction  ;  and  with  the 
consent  of  Mr.  Copp,  and  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  from  my 
fellow-members  valuable  aid,  I  presented  my  still  incomplete  work 
as  a  paper  at  the  Lake  Superior  meeting  of  the  Institute,  inviting 
from  any  quarter  suggestions  of  new  terms  or  better  definitions  to 
be  incorporated  in  the  glossary  before  its  final  publication.  This 
invitation  was  so  widely  and  generously  responded  to,  that  I  cannot 
undertake  to  make  in  this  place  individual  acknowledgments  to 
those  members  of  the  Institute,  and  professional  colleagues  outside 
of  it,  who  have  favored  me  with  assistance  and  advice.  The  labor 
bestowed  upon  this  paper  since  its  presentation  at  the  Lake  Superior 
meeting  has  considerably  exceeded  that  of  its  first  preparation,  as 
may  be  inferred  from  its  great  increase  in  length,  as  well  as  the 
numerous  alterations  which  it  has  undergone.  It  could  certainly  be 
still  further  enlarged  and  improved ;  but  I  think  a  comparison  of  it 
with  any  of  the  glossaries  of  the  same  class  now  in  print  will  show, 
at  least,  that  it  is  an  advance  upon  what  has  hitherto  been  accom- 
plished. I  shall  be  grateful,  however,  for  further  criticisms  and 
suggestions;  and  I  purpose  at  some  future  time  to  incorporate  in  a 
supplementary  paper  the  results  of  such  additional  collections  or 
corrections  as  I  may  obtain. 

To  avoid  too  great  prolixity,  I  adopted  at  the  outset  the  follow- 
ing general  principles : 

1.  To  include  the  most  important  technical  words  and  phrases 
used  by  American  miners  and  metallurgists,  or  occurring  in  English 
books  and  periodicals. 


303743 


Z  A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL,   TERMS. 

2.  To  exclude  Spanish,  French,  and  German  terms,  unless  they 
fall  under  the  rule  above  given.     The  Spanish  terms  included  are 
in  use  among  our  miners  in  the  far  West  and  Southwest. 

3.  To  exclude  almost  all  purely  scientific  terms,  such  as  those 
which  denote  the  operations  of  chemical  analysis,  the  chemical  names 
and  symbols  of  elements  and  compounds,  the  species  of  rocks  and 
minerals,  the  principles  of  general  physics  and  mechanics,  etc. 

4.  To  avoid  scientific  and  technical  explanations. 

5.  To  omit,  in  general,  self-explanatory  terms,  and  such  as  are 
common  to  all  mechanical  and  manufacturing  trades. 

The  grounds  of  these  rules  are  evident.  It  was  neither  practica- 
ble nor  necessary  to  give  in  this  paper  what  could  be,  and  must  be, 
sought  in  technical  textbooks  or  general  dictionaries  and  cyclopae- 
dias. But  the  paper  as  presented,  and  to  a  still  higher  degree  as 
now  completed,  presents  numerous  exceptions  to  the  above  rules. 
Many  geological  terms,  for  instance,  are  so  common  among  miners, 
and  many  chemical  terms  are  so  common  among  metallurgists  as 
to  render  their  adoption  in  this  catalogue  justifiable.  The  difficulty 
has  been  to  "draw  the  line;"  and  this  has  been  done,  as  I  must  confess, 
somewhat  arbitrarily,  and  rather  under  the  influence  of  a  desire  not 
to  overburden  the  Transactions  of  the  Institute  than  in  consistent 
obedience  to  any  rule. 

An  apology  should  be. made  for  the  obscurity  of  a  few  of  the 
definitions.  Many  terms  taken  from  English  glossaries  were  found 
to  be  most  vaguely  defined ;  and  in  most  cases  of  this  kind,  I  was 
able  to  improve  the  definitions;  but  there  remain  some  with  which 
I  was  neither  sufficiently  acquainted  to  amend  them  with  certainty, 
nor  sufficiently  dissatisfied  to  strike  them  out  altogether,  nor  suf- 
ficiently satisfied  to  let  them  stand  without  any  explanation. 

In  many  instances,  the  locality  in  which  a  term  is  believed  to 
have  originated  or  to  be  peculiarly  in  use,  is  indicated  by  abbrevia- 
tions which  will  mostly  explain  themselves.  The  principal  regions 
named  are  England,  Scotland,  Wales,  France,  Germany,  the  United 
States,  Spain  (including  Mexico),  Australia,  Cornwall,  Derbyshire, 
Staffordshire,  Newcastle,  Devonshire,  Lake  Superior,  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  Pacific  slope  (including  the  mining  districts  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains).  It  must  be  understood  that  the  naming,  in  this  con- 
nection, of  any  one  locality  does  not  exclude  the  use  of  the  term  in 
other  localities;  and  particularly  that  in  this  country  the  circulation 
both  of  miners  and  metallurgists,  and  of  books  and  journals  from  all 
the  world  has  brought  into  use  a  heterogeneous  technical  vocabu- 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

lary.  This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  gold,  silver,  and  lead  mining 
districts  of  the  West,  where  all  the  names,  phrases,  and  theories  that 
anybody  anywhere  at  any  time  has  cultivated,  together  with  a  crop 
of  indigenous,  spontaneous  growth,  seem  to  flourish  vigorously. 

GLOSSARY. 

Abstrich,  GERM.  The  black  or  greenish-brown  mass  (black  lith- 
arge) appearing  upon  the  bath  of  work-lead  early  in  the  cupell ing- 
process,  and  gradually,  as  the  process  advances,  giving  way  to  pure 
litharge. 

Abzug,  GERM.  The  first  scum  appearing  (before  the  abstrich)  on 
the  surface  of  molten  lead. 

Adit.  A  nearly  horizontal  passage  from  the  surface,  by  which  a 
mine  is  entered  and  unwatered.  In  the  United  States  an  adit  is 
usually  called  a  tunnel,  though  the  latter,  strictly  speaking,  passes 
entirely  through  a  hill,  and  is  open  at  both  ends. 

Adlings,  ENG.     Earnings. 

Adobe,  SP.     Clay  suitable  for  adobes  or  sun-dried  bricks. 

Adventurers,  ENG.  Shareholders  or  partners  in  a  mining  enter- 
prise ;  in  Cornwall,  cost-book  partners. 

After-damp,  ENG.  The  irrespirable  gas,  consisting  of  nitrogen 
and  carbonic  acid  chiefly,  remaining  after  an  explosion  of  fire-damp. 

Agitator,  PAC.     See  Settler. 

Aich's  metal.     See  Gun-metal. 

Air-head,  or  Air-heading,  S.  STAF.  A  smaller  passage,  driven 
parallel  with  the  gate-road,  and  near  its  roof,  to  carry  the  ventilating 
current.  It  is  connected  with  the  gate-road  at  intervals  by  openings 
called  spouts. 

Air-reduction  process.     See  Roasting  and  Reaction  process. 

Aitch-piece.     See  H-piece. 

Alberti  furnace.  A  continuously  working  reverberatory  furnace 
for  the  roasting  of  quicksilver  ores,  with  condensation  of  the  mercury 
in  iron-tubes  and  brick  chambers. 

Alligator.    1.  See  Squeezer.    2.  A  rock -breaker  operating  by  jaws. 

Alloy.     A  compound  of  two  or  more  metals  fused  together. 

Alluvium.  The  earthy  deposit  made  by  running  streams,  especially 
in  times  of  flood. 

Aludel.  An  earthen  condenser  for  mercury.  See  Bustamente 
furnace. 

Aluminium  ores.     Cryolite,  a  fluoride  of  sodium  and  aluminium, 


A    GLOSSARY   OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

found  in  Greenland  ;  bauxite,  a.  hydrous  compound  of  alumina,  ferric 
oxide  and  silica. 

Amalgamation.  1.  The  production  of  an  amalgam  or  alloy  of 
mercury.  2.  The  process  in  which  gold  and  silver  are  extracted 
from  pulverized  ores  by  producing  an  amalgam,  from  which  the 
mercury  is  afterwards  expelled.  See  Retorting. 

Amalgamator.  1.  A  machine  for  amalgamating  ores.  2.  The 
workmen  in  charge  of  such  a  machine. 

American  forge.     See  Catalan  forge. 

Anemometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rapidity  of  an  air- 
current. 

Annealing.  I.  The  gradual  cooling  of  glass  or  metal  from  a  high 
temperature,  to  render  it  less  brittle.  2.  See  Malleable  m,s^V/.s\ 

Anthracite.     See  Coal. 

Anticlinal.  The  line  of  a  crest,  above  or  under  ground,  on  the 
two  sides  of  which  the  strata  dip  in  opposite  directions.  The  con- 
verse of  synclinal. 

Antimony  ores.  Native  antimony  ;  stibnite  (sulphide  of  antimony) ; 
valentinite  and  senarmontite  (oxides). 

Apex.  In  the  U.  S.  Revenue  Statutes,  the  end  or  edge  of  a  vein 
nearest  the  surface. 

Apolvillados,  SP.     Ores  superior  in  quality  to  the  azogues. 

Appolt  oven.  An  oven  for  the  manufacture  of  coke,  differing  from 
the  Belgian  in  that  it  is  divided  into  vertical  compartments. 

Aprons.     See  Copper-plates. 

Arch,  CORN.  1.  A  portion  of  a  lode  left  standing  when  the  rest  is 
extracted,  to  support  the  hanging  wall  or  because  it  is  too  poor  for 
profitable  extraction.  2.  The  roof  of  a  reverberatory  furnace. 

Arenaceous.     Silicious  or  sandy  (of  rocks). 

Arends'  tap.  An  arrangement  by  which  the  molten  lead  from  the 
crucible  of  a  shaft-furnace  is  drawn  through  an  "inverted  siphon  " 
into  an  exterior  basin,  from  which  it  can  be  ladled  without  disturb- 
ing the  furnace. 

Arenillos,  SP.     Refuse  earth. 

Argentiferous.     Containing  silver. 

Argillaceous. .   Containing  clay. 

Arm.     The  inclined  member  or  leg  of  a  set  or  frame  of  timber. 

Arrastre,  SP.  Apparatus  for  grinding  and  mixing  ores  by  means 
of  a  heavy  stone  dragged  around  upon  a  circular  bed.  The  arrastre 
is  chiefly  used  for  ores  containing  free  gold,  and  amalgamation  is 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.  5 

combined  with  the  grinding.  Sometimes  incorrectly  written  arraster, 
arrastm,  or  raster. 

Arroba,  SP.     Twenty-five  pound  avoirdupois. 

Arsenic,  ores.  Native  arsenic  ;  wdspickd  (arsenopyrite,  arsenical 
Pyrites,  arseno- sulphide  of" iron). 

Ascension-theory.  The  theory  that  the  matter  filling  fissure-veins 
was  introduced  in  solution  from  below. 

Ash-pit.     The  receptacle  for  ashes  under  a  fire-place. 

Assay.  To  test  ores  and  minerals  by  chemical  or  blowpipe  ex- 
amination ;  said  to  be  in  the  dry  way  when  done  by  means  of  heat 
(as  in  a  crucible),  and  in  the  wet  or  humid  way  when  by  means  of 
solution  and  precipitation  or  liquid  tests.  An*  assay  differs  from  a 
complete  analysis  in  being  confined  to  the  determination  of  certain 
ingredients,  the  rest  not  being  determined.  Both  assays  and  analyses 
may  be  either  qualitative  or  quantitative ;  that  is,  they  may  determine 
the  presence  merely,  or  also  the  amount,  of  some  or  all  of  the  con- 
stituents of  the  substance  examined.  The  assay  value  of  gold  and 
silver  ores  is  usually  determined  in  Troy  ounces  (or,  for  gold,  penny- 
weights) per  ton  (2000  pounds  avoirdupois)  of  ore.  See  Assay  ton. 
When  reported  'in  money  value,  the  ounce  of  gold  is  taken  at 
$20.6718.  A  ton  of  pure  gold  would  be  worth  $602,928.51;  the  value 
of  $6  per  ton  would  be  by  weight  one-thousandth  per  cent.,  and  so 
on.  Silver  varies  greatly  in  market  value;  but  assayers  often  report 
their  results  according  to  the  old  U.  S.  standard,  which  made  the  ounce 
of  pure  silver  worth  $1.2929.  The  ton  of  silver  at  this  rate,  would 
be  worth  $37,710.40 ;  the  value  of  $37  per  ton  would  be  by  weight 
one-tenth  per  cent.,  and  so  on.  For  ordinary  gold  and  silver  ores, 
it  is  evident  that  the  percentages  would  be  inconveniently  small  as 
expressions  of  value.  Assays  of  lead,  copper,  iron,  etc.,  are  reported 
in  percentages. 

Assay-ton.  A  weight  of  29.166J  grams.  Since  one  ton  of  2000 
pounds  avoirdupois  contains  29.166f  troy  ounces,  it  is  evident  that 
each  milligram  of  gold  or  silver  obtained  from  one  assay-ton  of  ore 
represents  one  ounce  troy  to  the  ton  of  2000  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Assessment-work,  PAC.  The  work  done  annually  on  a  mining 
claim  to  maintain  possessory  title. 

Astel.     Overhead  boarding  or  arching  in  a  gallery. 

Astytten,  ENG.     A  small  dam  in  an  adit  or  level,  to  check  water. 

AtierreSj  SP.     Refuse  ores. 

Attle,  CORN.     Refuse  rock. 

Auger-nose  shell.     See  Wimble. 


6  A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Auger-stem.     The  bar  to  which  a  drilling-bit  is  attached. 

Auget  or  Augette.     A  priming  tube,  used  in  blasting. 

Augustin  process.  The  treatment  of  silver  ores  by  chloridizing, 
roasting,  lixiviation  with,  hot  brine,  and  precipitation  with  copper. 

Auriferous.     Containing  gold. 

Average  produce,  CORN.  The  quantity  of  pure  or  fine  copper  in 
one  hundred  parts  of  ore. 

Average  standard,  CORN.  The  price  per  ton  of  pure  or  fine  cop- 
per in  the  ore. 

Aviador,  SP.  A  person  who  habilitates  a  mine;  that  is,  who  fur- 
nishes the  money  for  working  it  by  a  contract  with  proprietors. 

Azogueria,  SP.  l.'The  amalgamating  works.  2.  The  processs  of 
amalgamation. 

Azogues,  SP.     Common  or  inferior  ores. 

Back,  CORN.  1.  With  reference  to  an  adit,  drift  or  stope,  the 
part  of  the  vein  between  it  and  the  next  working  above,  or  the  sur- 
face. 2.  See  Face. 

Back-casing,  ENG.  A  temporary  shaft-lining  of  bricks  laid  dry, 
and  supported  at  intervals  upon  curbs.  When  the  stone-head  has 
been  reached,  the  permanent  masonry  lining  is  built  upon  it  inside 
of  the  back-casing. 

Back-end,  NEWC.  The  part  ofajudd  remaining  after  the  sump 
has  been  removed. 

Backing  deals,  NEWC.  Planks  driven  vertically  behind  the  curbs 
in  a  shaft  from  one  curb  to  another. 

Back-shift.  The  second  set  of  miners  working  in  any  spot  each 
day. 

Back-skin,  NEWC.  A  leather  covering  worn  by  men  in  wet 
workings. 

Bait,  NEWC.     A  pitman's  provisions. 

Bal,  CORN.     A  mine. 

Balance-bob.  A  heavy  lever  ballasted  at  one  end,  and  attached 
at  the  other  to  the  pump-rod,  the  weight  of  which  it  thus  helps  to 
carry.  When  the  shaft  is  deep,  and  the  pump-rods  are  consequently 
very  heavy,  balance-bobs  are  put  in  at  intervals  of  200  or  300  feet, 
thus  relieving  the  strain  on  the  rods  themselves  and  on  the  engine. 

Balk,  NEWC.     A  hitch  producing  a  nip. 

Balland,  DERB.     Pulverulent  lead  ore. 

Ballast-shovel.     A  round-mouthed  shovel. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF   MINING   AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.  7 

Balling.  The  aggregation  of  iron  in  the  puddling  or  the  bloom- 
ary  process  into  balls  or  loups. 

Ball-staw.p,  LAKE  SUP.  A  stamp  for  crushing  rock,  operated 
directly  by  steam-power,  the  stem  of  the  stamp  being  at  the  same 
time  the  piston-rod  of  a  steam  cylinder. 

Band,  NEWC.     Stone  interstratified  with  coal. 

Bank  1 .  (DERB.  or  Benk).  The  face  of  the  coal  at  which  miners 
are  working.  2.  An  ore-deposit  or  coal-bed  worked  by  surface  ex- 
cavations or  drifts  above  water-level.  3.  ENG.  The  ground  at  the 
top  of  a  shaft.  Ores  are  brought  "  to  bank/'  i.  e.,  "  to  grass."  See 
Grass. 

Banksman,  NEWC.     See  Lander. 

Bar.  I.  A  drilling  or  tamping-rod.  2.  A  vein  or  dike  crossing 
a  lode.  3.  A  sand  or  rock  ridge  crossing  the  bed  of  a  stream. 

Bar-diggings,  PAC.  Gold-washing  claims  located  on  the  bars 
(shallows)  of  a  stream,  and  worked  when  the  water  is  low,  or  other- 
wise with  the  aid  of  coffer-dams. 

Barilla,  SP.  Native  copper  disseminated  in  grains  in  copper 
ores. 

Barmaster,  DERB.  A  mining  official  who  collects  the  dues  or 
royalties,  presides  over  the  barmote,  etc.  (From  Germ.  Bergmeister.) 

Barmote,  DERB.     A  mining  court. 

Barney.  A  small  car  attached  to  a  rope  and  used  to  push  cars 
up  a  slope  or  inclined  plane. 

Barranca,  SP.     A  ravine. 

Barrel.  1.  The  water-cylinder  of  a  pump.  2.  A  piece  of  small 
pipe  inserted  in  the  end  of  a  cartridge  to  carry  the  squib  to  the  pow- 
der. 3.  A  vessel  used  in  amalgamation. 

Barrel-amalgamation.  The  amalgamation  of  silver  ores  by  revo- 
lution in  wooden  barrels  with  quicksilver,  metallic  iron,  and  water. 

Barrel-work,  LAKE  SUP.  Native  copper  occurring  in  pieces  of  a 
size  to  be  sorted  out  by  hand  in  sufficient  purity  for  smelting  with- 
out mechanical  concentration. 

Barrier-pillars.  Pillars  of  coal,  larger  than  ordinary,  left  at  in- 
tervals to  prevent  too  extensive  crushing  when  the  ground  comes  to 
be  robbed. 

Barrow,  CORN.  1.  A  heap  of  attle  or  rubbish  ;  a  dump.  2.  A 
vehicle  in  which  ore,  coal,  etc.,  are  wheeled. 

Barrowmen,  NEWC.     See  Putters. 

Barrow-way,  NEWC.  A  level  through  which  coal  or  ore  is 
wheeled. 


8  A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Base  bullion.     See  Bullion . 

Base  metals.  The  metals  not  classed  as  noble  or  precious.  See 
Noble  metals. 

Basic.  In  furnace  practice,  a  slag  in  which  the  earthy  bases  are 
in  excess  of  the  amount  required  to  form  a  neutral  slag  with  the 
silica  present. 

Basie  lining.  A  lining  for  furnaces,  converters,  etc.,  formed  of 
non-silicious  material,  usually  limestone,  dolomite,  lime,  magnesia, 
or  iron  oxide. 

Basic-lining  process.  An  improvement  of  the  Bessemer  process, 
in  which,  by  the  use  of  a  basic  lining  in  the  converter  and  by  the 
addition  of  basic  materials  during  the  blow,  it  is  possible  to  eliminate 
phosphorus  from  the  pig  iron,  and  keep  it  out  of  the  steel. 

Basin.  1.  A  natural  depression  of  strata  containing  a  coal  bed 
or  other  stratified  deposit.  2.  The  deposit  itself. 

Bass  or  bait.     See  Bind. 

Basset,  DERB.     An  outcrop  ;  the  edge  of  a  stratum. 

Batch,  CORN.  The  quantity  of  ore  sent  to  the  surface  by  a  pare 
of  men. 

Batea,  SP.  A  large  wooden  bowl  in  which  gold-bearing  earth 
or  crushed  ore  is  washed  in  the  same  way  as  in  a  pan. 

Bath.  A  mass  of  molten  material  in  a  furnace,  or  of  solution  in  a 
tank. 

Bait.     See  Bind. 

Battery.  1.  A  set  of  stamps  in  a  stamp-mill,  comprising  the  num- 
ber which  fall  in  one  mortar,  usually  five.  2.  A  bulkhead  of  tim- 
ber. 3.  The  plank  closing  the  bottom  of  a  coal-chute. 

Battery-amalgamation.  Amalgamation  by  means  of  mercury 
placed  in  the  mortar. 

Battery-assay.     See  Pulp-assay. 

Bauxite.     See  Aluminium-ores. 

Beans,  NEWC.     Small  coals. 

Bean-shot.     Copper  granulated  by  pouring  into  hot  water. 

Bear.     1.  See  Salamander.     2.  See  Loup. 

Bearing.     See  Strike. 

Bed.  A  seam  or  deposit  of  mineral,  later  in  origin  than  the  rock 
below,  and  older  than  the  rock  above ;  that  is  to  say,  a  regular  mem- 
ber of  the  series  of  formations,  and  not  an  intrusion. 

Bedded  vein.  Properly  bed- vein  (Lager gang  tf  the  Germans); 
a  lode  occupying  the  position  of  a  bed,  that  is,  parallel  with  the 
stratification  of  the  inclosing  rocks. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.  9 

Bede.     A  miner's  pickaxe. 

Bed-rock,  PAC.  The  solid  rock  underlying  alluvial  and  other 
surface  formations. 

Bed-way.  An  appearance  of  stratification,  or  parallel  marking, 
in  granite. 

Beehive  oven.  An  oven  for  the  manufacture  of  coke,  shaped 
like  the  old-fashioned  beehive. 

Belgian  oven.  A  rectangular  oven  with  end-doors  and  side-flues 
for  the  manufacture  of  coke. 

Belgian  zinc-furnace.  A  furnace  in  which  zinc  is  reduced  and 
distilled  from  calcined  ores  in  tubular  retorts. 

Bell  and  hopper.     See  Cup  and  cone. 

Belly-helve,  ENG.  A  forge-hammer,  lifted  by  a  cam  which  acts 
about  midway  between  the  fulcrum  and  the  head. 

Bell-metal.  A  hard  bronze,  containing  sometimes  small  propor- 
tions of  iron,  zinc,  or  lead,  but  ordinarily  consisting  of  78  parts  cop- 
per to  22  tin. 

BelVs  dephosphorizing  process.  The  removal  of  phosphorus  from 
molten  pig  iron  in  a  puddling  furnace,  lined  with  iron  oxide  and 
fitted  with  a  mechanical  rabble  to  agitate  the  bath.  Red-hot  iron 
ore  is  added.  See  Krupp's  washing  process. 

Bench.  1.  One  of  two  or  more  divisions  of  a  coal  seam,  sepa- 
rated by  slate,  etc.,  or  simply  separated  by  the  process  of  cutting  the 
coal,  one  bench  or  layer  being  cut  before  the  adjacent  one.  2.  To  cut 
the  coal  in  benches. 

Benching-up,  NEWC.     Working  on  the  top  of  coal. 

Bend  or  Bind,  DERB.     Indurated  clay. 

Beneficiar,  SP.  To  benefit.  To  work  or  improve  a  mine  ;  to 
reduce  its  ores;  to  derive  profit  or  advantage  from  working  it. 
Beneficiation,  sometimes  used  in  English,  usually  means  the  reduc- 
tion of  ores. 

Bessemer  iron.     Pig  iron  suitable  for  the  Bessemer  process. 

Bessemer  process.  The  process  of  decarburizing  a  bath  of  molten 
cast  iron  by  blowing  air  through  it,  in  a  vessel  called  a  converter. 

Biche.  A  tool  ending  below  in  a  conical  cavity,  for  recovering 
broken  rods  from  a  bore-hole. 

Billet.  1.  Iron  or  steel,  drawn  from  a  pile,  bloom,  or  ingot  into 
a  small  bar  for  further  manufacture.  2.  A  small  bloom. 

Bind,  DERB.     See  Bend. 

Bing,  NORTH  ENG.     Eight  hundred  weight  of  ore. 

Bing-ore,  DERB.     Ore  in  lumps. 

•2 


10         A   GLOSSARY   OP    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Sing-hole,  DERB.     A  hole  or  shoot  through  which  ore  is  Liu-own. 

Bing-tale,  NORTH  ENG.     See  Tribute. 

Bismuth-ores.  Native  bismuth ;  bismuth  ochre  (oxide) ;  bismuthine 
(sulphide);  also,  bismuthiferous  cobalt,  silver  and  copper  ores. 

Bit.     The  cutting  end  of  a  boring  implement. 

Bituminous  coal.     See  Coal. 

Black-band.  An  earthy  carbonate  of  iron,  accompanying  coal- 
beds.  Extensively  worked  as  an  iron  ore  in  Great  Britain,  and  some- 
what in  Ohio. 

Black-copper.     Impure  copper  from  smelting,  before  refining. 

Black-damp,  ENG.     Carbonic  acid  gas. 

Black-ends,  ENG.     Refuse  coke  from  coking-ovens. 

Black-flux.     A  mixture  of  charcoal  and  potassium  carbonate. 

Black-jack,  CORN.     Zinc-blende;  sometimes  hornblende. 

Black-lead.     Graphite. 

Black  litharge.     See  Abstrich. 

Black-plate.     Sheet  iron  before  tinning. 

Black-tin,  CORN.     Tin  ore  prepared  for  smelting. 

Blair  process.     An  improved  form  of  the  Chenot  process. 

Blanch.     Lead  ore,  mixed  with  other  minerals. 

Blanched  copper.     An  alloy  of  copper  and  arsenic. 

Blanket- sluices.  Sluices  in  which  coarse  blankets  are  laid,  to 
catch  the  fine  but  heavy  particles  of  gold,  amalgam,  etc.,  in  the 
slime  passing  over  them.  The  blankets  are  removed  and  washed 
from  time  to  time,  to  obtain  the  precious  metal. 

Blast.  1.  The  operation  of  blasting,  or  rending  rock  or  earth  by 
means  of  explosions.  2.  The  air  forced  into  a  furnace  to  accelerate 
combustion.  3.  The  period  during  which  a  blast  furnace  is  in  blast, 
that  is,  in  operation. 

Blastfurnace.  A  furnace,  usually  a  shaft-furnace,  into  which  air 
is  forced  under  pressure. 

Blasting -stick.     A  simple  form  of  fuse. 

Bleaching-clay,  CORN.  Kaolin,  used  with  size,  to  whiten  and 
give  weight  and  substance  to  cotton  goods. 

Bleiberg  furnace.     See  Carinthian  furnace. 

Blende.     See  Zinc-ores. 

Blick,QcERU.  The  brightening  or  iridescence  appearing  on  silver 
or  gold  at  the  end  of  the  cupelling  or  refining  process. 

Blind  level.  1.  A  level  not  yet  connected  with  other  workings. 
2.  A  level  for  drainage,  having  a  shaft  at  either  end,  and  acting  as 
an  inverted  siphon. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          11 

Blind-shaft.     See  Winze.  < 

Blister-steel.     See  Steel. 

Bloat.     A  hammer  swelled  at  the  eye. 

Block-coal,  U.  S.     See  Coal. 

Block-furnace.     See  Bloomary. 

Block -tin.     Cast  tin. 

Bloom.  1.  A  large  steel  bar,  drawn  from  an  ingot  for  further 
manufacture.  2.  A  rough  bar  of  iron,  drawn  from  a  Catalan  or 
bloomary  ball,  for  further  manufacture.  See  Billet. 

Bloomary.  A  forge  for  making  wrought-iron,  usually  direct 
from  the  ore.  The  sides  are  iron  plates,  the  hair-plate  at  the  back, 
the  cinder-plate  at  the  front,  the  tuyere-plate  (through  which  the 
tuyere  passes)  at  one  side  (its  upper  part  being  called  in  some  bloom- 
aries  the  merrit-plate)  the  fore-spar  plate  opposite  the  tuyere-plate 
(its  upper  part  being  the  skew -plate)  and  the  bottom-plate  at  the  bot- 
tom. 

Blossom.  The  oxidized  or  decomposed  outcrop  of  a  vein  or  coal- 
bed,  more  frequently  the  latter.  Also  called  smut  and  tailing.  See 
Gossan. 

Blow.     A  single  heat  or  operation  of  the  Bessemer  converter. 

Blower,  NEWC.  1.  A  strong  discharge  of  gas  from  a  fissure.  2. 
A  fan  or  other  apparatus  for  forcing  air  into  a  furnace  or  mine. 

Blow-george.     A  hand-fan. 

Blow-in.     To  put  a  blast  furnace  in  operation. 

Blow-out.  1.  To  put  a  blast  furnace  out  of  blast,  by  ceasing  to 
charge  fresh  materials,  and  continuing  the  blast  until  the  contents  of 
the  furnace  have  been  smelted.  2.  A  large  outcrop,  beneath  which 
the  vein  is  smaller,  is  called  a  blow-out.  3.  A  shot  or  blast  is  said 
to  blow  out  when  it  goes  off'  like  a  gun  and  does  not  shatter  the 
rock. 

Blowpipe.  A  tube  through  which  air  is  forced  into  a  flame,  to 
direct  it  and  increase  its  intensity.  In  the  compound  blowpipe,  two 
jets  of  gas  (one  of  which  may  be  air)  are  united  at  the  point  of  com- 
bustion. 

Blue-billy,  ENGL  The  residuum  of  cupreous  pyrites  after  roasting 
with  salt. 

Blue-John,  DERB.     Fluorspar. 

Slue  lead.  (Pronounced  like  the  verb  to  lead.)  The  bluish  aurifer- 
ous gravel  and  cement  deposit  found  in  the  ancient  river-channels  of 
California. 

Blue  metal.     See  Metal. 


12         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Blue  peach,  CORN.   A  slate-blue,  very  fine-grained  schorl-rock. 

Blue  stone.  Copper-vitriol;  copper-sulphate. 

Boards.  The  first  set  of  excavations  in  post-and-stall  work. 

Boat  level,  WALES.  A  navigable  adit. 

Bob,  CORN.  A  triangular  frame,  by  means  of  which  the  horizon- 
tal motion  imparted  from  an  engine  is  transformed  into  a  vertical 
motion  of  the  pump-rods  in  a  shaft. 

Bob -station.     See  Station. 

Bog-iron  ore.  A  loose,  earthy  brown  hematite,  of  recent  origin, 
formed  in  swampy  ground. 

Boiling.    See  Puddling, 

Bonanza,  SP.  Literally,  fair  weather.  In  miners'  phrase,  good 
luck,  or  a  body  of  rich  ore.  A  mine  is  in  bonanza  when  it  is  profit- 
ably producing  ore. 

Bone.    The  slaty  matter  intercalated  in  coal-seams. 

Bonnet.  A  covering  over  a  cage  to  shield  it  from  objects  falling 
down  the  shaft, 

Bonney,  CORN.    An  isolated  body  of  ore. 

Booming.  The  accumulation  and  sudden  discharge  of  a  quantity 
of  water  (in  placer  mining,  where  water  is  scarce).  See,  also,  Hush- 
ing. 

Boot.  A  leather  or  tin  joint  connecting  the  blast-main  with  the 
tuyere  or  nozzle  in  a  bloomary. 

Bord,  NEWC.  A  passage  or  breast,  driven  up  the  slope  of  the 
coal  from  the  gangway,  and  hence  across  the  grain  of  the  coal. 

Bord.   See  Boards,  Breast,  and  Post-and-stall. 

Board -and -pillar.    See  Post-and-stall. 

Borer.   See  Drill. 

Borrasca,  SP.    The  converse  of  bonanza.     Barren  rock. 

Bort.    Opaque  black  diamond. 

Bosh.  1.  A  trough  in  which  bloomary  tools  (or,  in  copper-smelt- 
ing, hot  ingots)  are  cooled.  2.  (Or,  Boshes.)  The  portion  of  a 
shaft  furnace  in  which  it  widens  from  above  the  hearth  up  to  its 
maximum  diameter. 

Bottom-lift.  The  deepest  lift  of  a  mining-pump,  or  the  lowest 
pump. 

Bottomer,  ENG.  The  man  stationed  at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft  in 
charge  of  the  proper  loading  of  cages,  signals  for  hoisting,  etc. 

Bottoms,  CORN.  1.  The  deepest  workings.  2.  In  copper-smelt- 
ing, the  impure  metallic  copper,  or  cupriferous  alloy,  which  separates 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          13 

from  the  matt,  and  is  found  below  it,  when  there  is  not  enough  sul- 
phur present  to  retain  in  combination  all  the  copper. 

Boulder  or  Bowlder.  A  fragment  of  rock  brought  by  natural 
means  fro:n  a  distance  (though  this  notion  of  transportation  from  a 
distance  is  not  always,  in  later  usage,  involved)  and  usually  large 
and  rounded  in  shape.  Cobble  stones  taken  from  river-beds  are,  in 
some  American  localities,  called  boulders. 

Bounds,  CORN.    A  tract  of  tin-ore  ground. 

Bout,  DERB.    A  measure  of  lead-ore ;  twenty-four  dishes. 

Bowke,  S.  STAFF.  A  small  wooden  box  in  which  iron-ore  is  hauled 
underground. 

Bowse  or  Bouze,  DERB.    Lead-ore  as  cut  from  the  lode. 

Box-bill.  A  tool  used  in  deep  boring  for  slipping  over  and  recov- 
ering broken  rods. 

Box-groove.  A  closed  groove  between  two  rolls,  formed  by  a  collar 
on  one  roll,  fitting  between  collars  on  another  roll. 

Box-timbering.   See  Plank  timbering. 

Brace,  CORN.    The  mouth  of  a  shaft. 

Brace-head.  A  cross-attachment  at  the  top  of  the  column  of  rods 
in  deep  boring,  by  means  of  which  the  rods  and  bit  are  turned  after 
each  drop. 

Brace-key.    See  Brace-head. 

Braize,  U.  S.    Charcoal-dust.   See  Breeze. 

Brake-sieve.    A  jigger,  operated  by  a  hand-lever. 

Brakesman.    The  man  in  charge  of  a  winding-engine. 

Brances.   See  Brasses. 

Branch.  CORN.  A  small  vein  departing  from  the  main  lode,  and 
in  some  cases  returning. 

Basque.  A  lining  for  crucibles  or  furnaces  ;  generally  a  compound 
of  clay,  etc.,  with  charcoal-dust. 

Brass.    An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc. 

Brasses,  ENG.  and  WALES.     Pyrites  (sulphide  of  iron)  in  coal. 

Brat,  ENG.  and  WALES.  A  thin  bed  of  coal  mixed  with  pyrites 
or  carbonate  of  lime. 

Brattice,  ENG.,  SCOT.,  and  WALES.  A  plank  lining,  or  a  longi- 
tudinal partition  of  wood,  brick,  or  even  cloth,  in  a  shaft,  level,  or 
gangway,  generally  to  aid  ventilation. 

Brazil.     Iron  pyrites. 

Breaker.     See  Coal-breaker  and  Rock-breaker. 

Breast.  1.  The  face  of  a  working.  2.  In  coal  mines,  the  cham- 
ber driven  upwards  from  the  gangway,  on  the  seam,  between  pillars 


14         A    GLOSSARY    OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

of  coal  left  standing,  for  the  extraction  of  coal.  3.  That  side  of  the 
hearth  of  a  shaft-furnace  which  contains  the  metal-notc-h. 

Breast-boards.  Planking  placed  between  the  last  set  of  timbers 
and  the  face  of  a  gangway  or  heading  which  is  in  quicksand  or  loose 
ground. 

Breccia.     A  conglomerate  in  which  the  fragments  are  angular. 

Breeding -fire.     See  Gob-fire. 

Breeze,  ENG.  Small  coke.  Probably  connected,  perhaps  inter- 
changeable, with  Braize,  and  both  with  the  FR.  Braise. 

Brettis,  DERB.     A  crib  of  timber  filled  up  with  slack  or  waste. 

Brettis-way.  A  road  in  a  coal-mine,  supported  by  brettises  built  on 
each  side  after  the  coal  has  been  worked  out. 

Bridge.     See  Reverberatory  furnace. 

Bridle-chains.  Safety-chains  to  support  a  cage  if  the  link  between 
the  cage  and  rope  should  break. 

Brightening.     See  Blick. 

Broaching -bit.  A  tool  used  to  restore  the  dimensions  of  a  bore- 
hole which  has  been  contracted  by  the  swelling  of  the  marl  or  clay 
walls. 

Brob.  A  peculiar  spike,  driven  alongside  the  end  of  an  abutting 
timber  to  prevent  its  slipping. 

Broil  or  Broyl,  CORN.     See  Bryle. 

Broken  coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Bronze.     An  alloy  of  copper  and  tin. 

Brood,  CORN.     The  heavier  kinds  of  waste  in  tin  and  copper  ores. 

Brown  coal.     See  Coal. 

Browse.     Ore  imperfectly  smelted,  mixed  with  cinder  and  clay. 

Bruckner  cylinder,  PAC.     A  form  of  revolving  roasting  furnace. 

Bryle,  CORN.  The  traces  of  a  vein,  in  loose  matter,  on  or  near  the 
surface. 

Bucker,  DERB.  A  flat  piece  of  iron  with  a  wooden  handle,  used 
for  breaking  ore. 

Bucket.     The  piston  of  a  lifting-pump. 

Bucking,  DERB.  See  Cobbing.  The  bucking-hammer  or  buck- 
ing-iron is  a  broad-headed  hammer  used  for  this  purpose;  and  the 
ore  is  broken  on  a  flat  piece  of  iron  (bucking -plate}. 

Buckshot-cinder.  Cinder  from  the  iron  blast-furnace,  containing 
grains  of  iron. 

Buckwheat-coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Buddie,  CORN.  An  inclined  vat  or  stationary  or  revolving  plat- 
form upon  which  ore  is  concentrated  by  means  of  running  water. 


A   GLOSSARY   OP    MINING   AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          15 

Strictly  the  huddle  is  a  shallow  vat,  not  a  platform  or  table  ;  at  least 
not  in  some  localities.  But  general  usage,  particularly  on  the  Pa- 
cific slope,  makes  no  distinction. 

Buggy.     A  small  mine-wagon  holding  J  ton  to  1  ton  of  coal. 

Buhrstone.     A  quartz  rock  containing  cellules. 

Buitron,  SP.  A  furnace  of  peculiar  construction,  in  which  silver 
ore  is  reduced. 

Bulkhead.  1.  A  tight  partition  or  stopping  in  a  mine  for  pro- 
tection against  water,  fire,  or  gas.  2.  The  end  of  a  flume,  whence 
water  is  carried  in  iron  pipes  to  hydraulic  workings. 

Bull.     See  Clay-iron. 

Bulldog.  1.  A  refractory  material  used  as  furnace-lining,  got  by 
calcining  mill-cinder,  and  containing  silica  and  ferric  oxide.  2. 
PENN.  See  Buckshot-cinder. 

Bullfrog.     See  Barney. 

Bullion.  Uncoined  gold  and  silver.  Base  bullion  (PAC.),  is  pig 
lead  containing  silver  and  some  gold,  which  are  separated  by  refining. 

Bull-pump,  CORN.  A  direct  single-acting  pump,  the  steam  cyl- 
inder of  which  is  placed  over  the  top  of  a  shaft  or  slope,  and  the 
piston-rod  attached  to  the  pump-rods.  The  steam  lifts  piston  and 
pump-rods,  and  the  weight  of  these  makes  the  down-stroke. 

Bull-wheel.  In  rope-boring,  a  wheel  on  which  is  wound  the  rope 
for  hoisting  the  bit,  etc. 

Bully.  A  pattern  of  miners7  hammer,  varying  from  "  broad-bully" 
to  u  narrow-bully." 

Bunch  of  ore,  CORN.     An  ore-body,  usually  a  small  one. 

Bunding.  A  staging  of  boards  on  stulls  or  stem-pies  t  to  carry 
deads.  See  stull-covering . 

Bunions,  ENG.  Battens  or  scantlings  placed  horizontally  across 
a  shaft,  to  which  are  nailed  the  boards  forming  the  deading  or 
sheathing  of  a  brattice. 

Burden,  CORN.  1.  The  tops  or  heads  of  stream-work,  which  lie 
over  the  stream  of  tin.  2.  The  proportion  of  ore  and  flux  to  fuel 
in  the  charge  of  a  blast-furnace. 

Burning.     See  Calcining. 

Burnt  iron.  I .  Iron  which  by  long  exposure  to  heat  has  suffered 
a  change  of  structure  and  become  brittle.  It  can  be  restored  by 
careful  forging  at  welding-heat.  2.  In  the  Bessemer  and  open- 
hearth  processes,  iron  which  has  been  exposed  to  oxidation  until  all 
its  carbon  is  gone,  and  oxide  of  iron  has  been  formed  in  the  mass. 

Burr.     Solid  rock. 


16         A   GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Burrow,  CORN.     A  heap  of  refuse. 

Buscones,  SP.     Searchers  ;  explorers. 

Bushel.  The  Imperial  bushel,  of  2218  cubic  inches,  and  the 
Winchester  bushel,  of  2150  cubic  inches,  are  divided  into  4  pecks. 
The  bushel  used  in  measuring  charcoal  and  coal  contains  5  pecks, 
or  2680  cubic  inches,  being  20  pounds  or  less  of  charcoal,  and,  in 
various  localities,  80,  76,  or  72  pounds  of  coal. 

Bustamente  furnace.  A  cylindrical  shaft-furnace  for  roasting 
quicksilver  ores;  divided  by  perforated  arches  into  two  compart- 
ments, of  which  the  upper  receives  the  ore  and  the  lower  the  fuel. 
The  mercury-vapors  are  condensed  in  aludeln. 

Butt,  ENG.  Of  coal ;  a  surface  exposed  at  right  angles  to  the 
face.  See  End. 

Button.  The  globule  of  metal  remaining  on  an  assay-cupel  or  in 
a  crucible,  at  the  end  of  the  fusion. 

Butty,  DERB.  and  STAFF.  A  miner  by  contract  at  so  much  per 
ton  of  coal  or  ore. 

Cobbling.  Breaking  up  pieces  of  flat  iron  to  be  piled  or  fagoted, 
heated  and  rolled. 

Cable-tools.  The  apparatus  used  in  drilling  deep  holes,  such  as 
artesian  wells,  with  a  rope,  instead  of  rods,  to  connect  the  drill  with 
the  machine  on  the  surface. 

Cache,  FR.  The  place  where  provisions,  ammunition,  etc.,  are 
cached  or  hidden  by  trappers  or  prospectors  in  unsettled  regions. 

Cage.  1.  A  frame  with  one  or  more  platforms  for  cars,  used  in 
hoisting  in  a  vertical  shaft.  It  is  steadied  by  guides  on  the  sides  of 
the  shaft.  2.  A  structure  of  elastic  iron  rods  slipped  into  the  bore- 
hole in  rod-boring  to  prevent  vibration  of  the  rods.  3.  The  barrel 
or  drum  in  a  whim  on  which  the  rope  is  wound. 

Cake-copper.     See  Tough  cake. 

Caking  coal.     See  Coal. 

Cola,  SP.     A  small  pit  or  experimental  hole. 

Cal,  CORN.     Wolfram. 

Calcine.  To  expose  to  heat,  with  or  without  oxidation ;  to  roast. 
Applied  to  ores  for  the  removal  of  water  and  sulphur,  and  the  dis- 
integration of  the  mass;  to  limestone  for  the  expulsion  of  its  car- 
bonic acid ;  etc. 

Calciner.     A  furnace  or  kiln  for  roasting. 

Calicata,  SP.     A  digging  or  trial  pit. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          17 

Campaign.  The  period  during  which  a  furnace  is  continuously 
in  operation. 

Canada ,  SP.     A  ravine,  or  small  canon. 

Canch.     A  part  of  a  bed  of  stone  worked  by  quarrying. 

Cand  or  Cann,  CORN.     Fluorspar. 

Cankj  DERB.     See  Whinstone. 

Canon,  SP.     A  valley,  usually  precipitous ;  a  gorge.    . 

Cannel  coal.     See  Coal. 

Cap  or  Cap-rock.  Barren  vein  matter,  or  &  pinch  in  a  vein,  sup- 
posed to  overlie  ore. 

Capel.     A  composite  stone  of  quartz,  schorl,  and  hornblende. 

Capella,  SP.     Cupelling  furnace. 

Captain,  CORN,  and  WALES.  The  official  in  immediate  charge  of 
the  work  in  a  mine. 

Cara.t.  1.  A  unit  employed  in  weighing  diamonds,  and  equal  to 
3J  troy  grains.  A  carat-grain  is  one-fourth  of  a  carat.  2.  A  term 
employed  to  distinguish  the  fineness  of  a  gold  alloy,  and  meaning 
one-twenty-fourth.  Fine  gold  is  24^-carat  gold.  Goldsmiths'  stand- 
ard is  22  carats  fine,  i.  e.,  contains  22  parts  gold,  1  copper,  and  1 
silver. 

Carbona,  CORN.  An  irregular  deposit  or  impregnation  of  tin  ore, 
found  in  connection  with  a  tin  lode. 

Carbonaceous.     Containing  carbon  not  oxidized. 

Carbonates.  The  common  term  in  the  West  for  ores  containing  a 
considerable  proportion  of  carbonate  of  lead.  They  are  sometimes 
earthy  or  ochreous  (soft  carbonates),  sometimes  granular  and  com- 
paratively free  from  iron  (sand  carbonates),  and  sometimes  compact 
(hard  carbonates.)  Often  they  are  rich  in  silver. 

Carbonization.  The  process  of  converting  to  carbon,  by  removing 
other  ingredients,  a  substance  containing  carbon,  as  in  the  charring 
of  wood  or  the  natural  formation  of  anthracite. 

Carburization.  The  process  of  imparting  carbon,  as  in  making 
cement  steel. 

Carga,  SP.     A  mule-load  of  300  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Carinthian  furnace.  A  small  reverberatory  with  inclined  hearth, 
in  which  lead  ore  is  treated  by  roasting  and  reaction,  wood  being 
the  usual  fuel. 

Car-wheel  iron.     See  Chill. 

Case.     A  small  fissure,  admitting  water,  into  the  workings. 

Case-harden.  To  convert  iron  superficially  into  steel  by  partial 
cementation. 

3 


18         A    GLOSSARY   OF   MINING    AND   METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 


Casing,  CORN.     1.  A  partition  or  brattice,  made  of 
in  a  shaft.     2.  PAC.     Casings  are  zones  of  material  altered  by  vein- 
action,  and  lying  between  the  unaltered  country  rock  and  the  vein. 
Cast-after-cast,  CORN.     The  throwing  up  of  ore  from  one  platform 
to  another  successively.     See  Shambles. 

Cast-house.     The  building  in  which  pigs  or  ingots  are  cast. 
Casting.     Pouring  or  drawing  fused  metal  from  a  blast  furnace, 
cupola,  crucible,  converter,  or  ladle  into  moulds. 
Cast-iron.     See  Iron. 
Cast-steel.     See  Steel. 

Cata,  SP.     A  mine  denounced,  but  an  worked. 
Catalan  forge.     A  forge  with  a  tuyere  for  reducing  iron  ore,  with 
charcoal,  to  a  loup  of  wrought  iron;  abloomary.     See  Champlain 
forge. 

Cat-head.  1.  A  small  capstan.  2.  A  broad-bully  hammer.  See 
Bully. 

Cauf,  NEWC.     See  Corf. 

Caunter-lode,  CORN.  A  vein  coursing  at  a  considerable  angle  to 
neighboring  veins. 

Caving.     The  falling  in  of  the  sides  or  top  of  excavations. 
Cawk.     Sulphate  of  baryta  (heavy  spar). 

Cazo,  SP.  A  caldron  in  which  amalgamation  is  effected  by  the 
cazo  process,  used  in  Mexico  and  South  America. 

Cement,  AUSTR.  and  PAC.  Gravel  firmly  held  in  a  silicious 
matrix,  or  the  matrix  itself. 

Cementation.  The  process  of  producing  a  chemical  change  in  a 
solid  substance  by  packing  it  in  a  powder  and  heating  it.  See 
Cement-steel  and  Malleable  castings. 

Cement-copper.     Copper  precipitated  from  solution. 
Cement-gold.     Gold  precipitated  in  fine  particles  from  solution. 
Cement-silver.     Silver  precipitated  from  solution,  usually  by  cop- 
per. 

Cement-steel.     See  Steel. 

Cendrada,  SP.     Ashes  or  smeltings  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  fur- 
nace, and  valuable  for  use  in  other  smeltings. 
Cerro,  SP.     A  hill  or  mountain. 

Chacing.     Following  a  vein  by  its  range  or  direction. 
Chafery.     A  forge  fire  for  reheating.    (From  the  FR.  C/taujferie.) 
Chaldron.     Thirty-six   bushels.     In   Newcastle  fifty-three   hun- 
dredweight avoirdupois.     Chaldron-wagons,  containing  this  quan- 
tity, convey  the  coal  from  the  pit  to  the  place  of  shipment. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          19 

Chalybeate.     Impregnated  with  iron  (applied  to  mineral  waters). 
Chamber.     See  Breast. 

Champion  lode.     The  main  vein  as  distinguished  from  branches. 
Ckamplain  forge  or  American  forge.     A  forge  for  the  direct  pro- 
duction of  wrought  iron,  generally  used  in  the  United  States  instead 
of  the  Catalan   forge,  from   which  it  differs  in  using  only  finely- 
crushed  ore  and  in  working  continuously. 

Changing -house,  CORN.     A  room  where  miners  change  and  dry 
their  underground  clothing.     See  Dry. 

Charbon  roux,  FR.     Brown  charcoal,  produced  by  an  incomplete 
carbonization  of  wood. 

Charge.     1.  The  materials  introduced  at  one  time  or  one  round 
into  a  furnace.     2.  The  amount  of  explosive  used  for  one  blast. 

Charger,  CORN.    An  auger-like  implement  for  charging  horizontal 
bore-holes  for  blasting. 

Charring.     The  expulsion  by  heat  of  the  volatile  constituents  of 
wood,  etc.,  leaving  more  or  less  pure  vegetable  carbon. 
Chartermaster,  S.  STAFF.     See  Butty. 
Chats,  NORTHUMB.     Small  pieces  of  stone  with  ore. 
Cheeks.     1.  The  sides  or  walls  of  a  vein.     2.  Extensions  of  the 
sides  of  the  eye  of  a  hammer  or  pick. 

Chenot  process.      The   process   of   making  iron-sponge  from  ore 
mixed  with  coal-dust,  and  heated  in  vertical  cylindrical  retorts. 
Chert.     Hornstone;  a  silicious  stone  often  found  in  limestone. 
Cherry  coal,  ENG.     See  Coal. 
Chestnut  coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Chilian  Mill.  An  improved  arrastrc,  in  which  a  heavy  stone 
wheel  is  rolled  around  the  bed. 

Chill.  An  iron  mould  or  portion  of  a  mould,  serving  to  cool 
rapidly,  and  so  to  harden,  the  surface  of  molten  iron  which  comes  in 
contact  with  it.  Iron  which  can  be  thus  hardened  to  a  considerable 
depth  is  chilling  iron,  and  is  specially  used  for  cast-iron  railway  car- 
wheels  requiring  hardness  at  the  rim  without  loss  of  strength  in  the 
wheel. 

Chimming,  CORN.     See  Tossing. 

Chimney.     An  ore-shoot.     See  Chute. 

China  clay.     Kaolin. 

Chisel.     See  Bit. 

Chock.     See  Nog. 

Choke-damp,  ENG.     Carbonic  acid  gas. 


20         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    ANT)    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Chlorides,  PAC.  A  common  term  for  ores  containing  chloride  of 
silver. 

Chloridize.  To  convert  into  chloride.  Applied  to  the  roasting 
of  silver  ores  with  salt,  preparatory  to  amalgamation. 

Chlorination  process.  The  process  first  introduced  by  Plattner, 
in  which  auriferous  ores  are  first  roasted  to  oxidize  the  base  metals, 
then  saturated  with  chlorine  gas,  and  finally  treated  with  water, 
which  removes  the  soluble  terchloride  of  gold,  to  be  subsequently 
precipitated  and  melted  into  bars. 

Chrome  ore.  Chromic  iron  (chromite,  oxide  of  chromium  and 
oxide  of  iron). 

Chute.  (Sometimes  written  shoot.}  1.  A  channel  or  shaft  under- 
ground, or  an  inclined  trough  above  ground,  through  which  ore  fill  Is 
or  is  "shot"  by  gravity  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  level.  2.  A  body 
of  ore,  usually  of  elongated  form,  extending  downward  within  a  vein 
(ore-shoot).  The  two  forms  of  orthography  of  this  word  are  of 
French  and  English  origin  respectively.  Under  chute,  the  original 
idea  is  that  of  falling;  under  shoot,  that  of  shooting  or  branching. 
Both  are  appropriate  to  the  technical  significations  of  the  word.  An 
ore-shoot,  for  instance,  may  be  considered  as  a  branch  of  the  general 
mass  of  the  ore  in  a  deposit,  or  as  a  pitch  or  fall  of  ore  (GERM.  Erz- 
foll).  In  England  the  orthography  shoot  is,  I  believe,  exclusively 
employed,  and  this  is  perhaps  the  best,  the  other  being  unnecessarily 
foreign. 

Cinder,  ENG.     Slag,  particularly  from  iron  blast  furnacesl 

Cinder-pig,  ENG.     See  Pig  iron. 

Cinder-plate.     See  Bloomary. 

Cinder-tap,  Cinder-notch.  The  hole  through  which  cinder  is  tapped 
from  a  furnace.  See  Liirmann  front. 

Cinnabar.     Sulphuret  of  mercury. 

Cistern,  CORN.     See  Tank. 

Clack,  CORN.     A  pump-valve. 

Clack-door,  CORN.  An  opening  into  the  valve-chamber  of  a 
pump. 

Cloggy,  NEWC.  Adhesive.  When  the  coal  is  tightly  joined  to 
the  roof,  the  mine  is  said  to  have  a  cloggy  top. 

Claim,  PAC.  The  portion  of  mining  ground  held  under  the  Fed- 
eral and  local  laws  by  one  claimant  or  association,  by  virtue  of  one 
location  and  record. 

Clanny  lamp.     The  safety-lamp  invented  by  Dr.  Clanny. 

Clay-iron.     A  tool  for  crowding  clay  into  leaky  bore-holes. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          21 

deciding,  ENG.     See  Bunions. 

Clean-up.  The  operation  of  collecting  all  the  valuable  product  of 
a  given  period  or  operation  in  a  stamp  mill,  or  in  a  hydraulic  or 
placer  mine. 

Cleat.     1.   A  joint  in  coal  or  rock.     2.  A  strip  of  wood. 

Cleavage.  The  property  in  a  mineral,  of  splitting  more  easily 
and  perfectly  in  some  directions  than  in  others.  The  planes  of  cleav- 
age bear  a  relation  to  the  crystal  form  of  the  mineral.  The  cleav- 
age of  rock-masses  is  more  properly  a  jointing,  unless  it  follows  the 
planes  of  bedding. 

Clinker.  The  product  of  the  fusion  of  the  earthy  impurities  (ash) 
of  coal  during  its  combustion. 

Clinometer.  A  simple  apparatus  for  measuring  by  means  of  a 
pendulum  or  spirit-level  and  circular  scale,  vertical  angles,  par- 
ticularly dips. 

Clod.  Soft  shale  or  slate,  in  coal  mines,  usually  applied  to  a 
layer  forming  a  bad  roof. 

Closed  top.     See  Cup-and-cone. 

Closed  front.  An  arrangement  of  the  blast-furnace  without  &  fore- 
hearth. 

Clotting.     The  sintering  or  semi-fusion  of  ores  during  roasting. 

Coal(EtSG.  Coals).  This  term  is  now  applied  to  stonecoal  or  pit-coal, 
that  is,  mineral  coal,  obtained  by  mining,  as  distinguished  from  char- 
coal. No  scientific  account  of  the  nature  and  origin  of  coal  will  be 
given  here.  The  three  principal  classes  recognized  by  common  usage 
are  anthracite  (hard,  black,  composed,  when  pure,  almost  exclusively 
of  carbon),  bituminous  or  coking  coal  (brown  or  black,  containing 
hydrocarbons),  and  lignite  or  brown  coal  (brown  or  black,  gen- 
erally showing  a  woody  or  a  laminar  structure,  containing  much 
water,  and  more  recent,  geologically  speaking,  than  the  other  varie- 
ties). Semi- anthracites  and  semi-bituminous  coals  are  gradations  be- 
tween anthracite  and  bituminous,  based  on  the  increasing  percentage 
of  volatile  matters.  Hydrogenous  or  gas-coals  are  bituminous  coals 
yielding  the  highest  percentage  of  volatile  matters.  The  English 
classification  of  bituminous  coals  distinguishes  coking  coal  proper 
(splintering  when  heated,  but  subsequently  fusing  into  a  semi-pasty 
mass),  cherry  or  soft  coal  (igniting  readily  and  burning  rapidly  with- 
out splintering  or  fusion),  splint,  rough  or  hard  coal  (igniting  with 
more  difficulty  but  burning  with  a  clear,  hot  fire),  and  cannel  coal 
(the  parrot  coal  of  Scotland,  compact,  homogeneous,  conchoidal  in 
fracture,  burning  with  clear,  bright  flame).  The  English  call  an- 


22          A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

thracite  also  stonecoal  or  culm,  and  speak  of  a  semi-anthracite  as 
steam-coal.  Any  coal  advantageously  used  for  generating  steam  is 
called  a  steam-coal  in  the  United  States.  The  solid  carbon  remain- 
ing after  the  expulsion  of  volatile  matters  from  bituminous  coal  or 
lignite  is  called  coke.  Commercial  coke,  however,  must  have  a  cer- 
tain coherence  and  strength  ;  and  the  coals  which  furnish  it  in  this 
condition  are  called  coking  coals.  A  peculiar  bituminous  coal  of 
Indiana  and  Ohio,  which  breaks  in  blocks,  and  is  used  raw  without 
coking,  to  some  extent,  as  a  blast-furnace  fuel,  is  called  block-coal. 
Anthracite  is  divided  in  the  United  States  according  to  the  color  of 
the  ash  afterburning,  into  white- ash, red-ash,  and  pink-ash  coal.  It 
is  also  classified  for  the  market  according  to  the  size  of  the  pieces 
(see  Coal-breaker),  as  follows:  Lump  includes  the  largest  lumps  as 
they  come  from  the  mine.  The  other  sizes  pass  over  and  through 
sieve-meshes  of  the  size  named,  the  figures  signifying  inches,  and 
thus  indicating  roughly  the  average  limit  of  diameter  for  the  pieces 
in  each  size,  viz.  : 

Steamboat,  through  7  over  4 ; 

No.  1,  Broken  or  grate,  through  4  over  2}  to  2J  ; 

No.  2,  Egg,  through  2}  to  2|  over  '1\  to  2 ; 

No.  3,  Large  stove,  through  2J  to  2  over  1|  to  1J; 

No.  4,  SmaU,  stove,  through  1J  to  H  over  1J  to  1  ; 

No.  5,  Chestnut,  through  1J  to  1  over    f  to    J  ; 

No.  6,  Pea,  through    f  to    J  over    f  to    J. 

No.  7,  Buckwheat,  is  rarely  made,  except  when  the  coal  is  washed 
on  the  screens,  and  the  chestnut  and  pea  have  the  larger  dimensions 
above  given.  It  is  the  smallest  size,  and  usually  included  in  the 
dirt  or  culm. 

Coal-breaker.  A  building  containing  the  machinery  for  break- 
ing coal  with  toothed  rolls,  sizing  it  with  sieves,  and  cleaning  it  for 
market. 

Coal-pipes,  NEWC.     Very  thin  irregular  layers  of  coal. 

Cobalt-ores.  Cobalt-speiss  (smaltine,  chloanthite  when  niccoliferous, 
safflorite  when  ferriferous,  an  arsenide  of  cobalt  with  or  without 
nickel  or  iron);  cobalt  glance  and  cobalt  pyrites  (smaltite  and  tinwrite, 
sulphides  of  cobalt);  cobalt  bloom  (erythrite,  arseniate  of  cobalt). 

Cobbing,  CORN.  Breaking  ore  to  sort  out  its  better  portions. 
See  Spall. 

Cobble,  PENN.  An  imperfectly  puddled  ball  which  goes  to  pieces 
in  the  squeezer. 

Cobre  ores.     Copper  ores  from  Cuba. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          23 

Cockle,  CORN.     See  Schorl. 

Cod,  NEWC.     The  bearing  of  an  axle. 

Coffer  or  Cofer,  DERB.  1.  To  secure  a  shaft  from  leaking  by 
ramming  in  clay  behind  the  masonry  or  timbering.  2.  (or  Cover) 
CORN.  See  Mortar  (2).  3.  A  rectangular  plank  frame,  used  in 
timbering  levels. 

Coffin,  CORN.  1.  An  old  open  working.  2.  The  mode  of  open 
working  by  casting  up  ore  and  waste  from  one  platform  to  another, 
and  so  to  the  surface. 

Cog.     To  roll  or  bloom  ingots. 

Cogs.  See  Nogs;  only  eogs  are  not  squared,  but  simply  notched 
where  they  cross  each  other.  The  interior  of  a  structure  of  this 
kind  and  the  spaces  between  the  timber  are  usually  filled  with  gob. 
They  are  called  also  cobs,  corncobs,  etc. 

Coil-drag.  A  tool  to  pick  up  pebbles,  bits  of  iron,  etc.,  from  the 
bottom  of  a  drill-hole. 

Coke.  The  product  remaining  after  the  expulsion  by  heat  of  the 
volatile  constituents  of  coal. 

Coking  coal.     See  Coal. 

Cold-bed.  A  platform  in  a  rolling-mill  on  which  cold  bars  are 
stored. 

Cold  blast.  '  Air  forced  into  a  furnace  without  being  previously 
heated. 

Cold-short    Brittle  when  cold.     Applied  chiefly  to  iron  and  steel. 

Collar.  1.  See  Cap.  2.  The  collar  of  a  shaft  is  the  horizontal 
timbering  around  the  mouth. 

Colliery.    A  coal  mine. 

Collom  washer,  LAKE  SUP.    A  variety  of  jig. 

Color,  SP.  1.  Color.  The  shade  or  tint  of  the  earth  or  rock  which 
indicates  ore.  2.  A  particle  of  metallic  gold  found  in  the  pros- 
pector's pan  after  a  sample  of  earth  or  crushed  rock  has  been 
"panned  out."  Prospectors  say,  e.  g.,  "The  dirt  gave  me  so  many 
colors  to  the  panful." 

Colorados,  SP.  Ores  impregnated  with  oxide  of  iron,  and  in  a 
state  of  decomposition.  See  Gossan. 

Col-rake.     A  shovel  used  to  stir  lead-ores  during  washing. 

Comb.  The  place,  in  a  fissure  which  has  been  filled  by  successive 
depositions  of  mineral  on  the  walls,  where  the  two  sets  of  layers 
thus  deposited  approach  most  nearly  or  meet,  closing  the  fissure  and 
exhibiting  either  a  drusy  central  cavity,  or  an  interlocking  of  .crys- 
tals. 


24         A   GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Combined  carbon.  That  portion  of  the  carbon  in  iron  or  steel 
which  is  not  visible  as  graphite,  and  is  supposed  to  be  alloyed  or 
chemically  combined  with  the  iron. 

Compass.  An  instrument  like  the  ordinary  nautical  or  surveyor's 
compass,  though  sometimes  otherwise  marked,  and  having  a  clinometer 
attached.  Also,  a  dip-compass,  for  tracing  magnetic  iron  ore,  having 
a  needle  hung  to  move  in  a  vertical  plane. 

Concentration.  The  removal  by  mechanical  means  of  the  lighter 
and  less  valuable  portions  of  ore. 

Concentrator.  An  apparatus  in  which,  by  the  aid  of  water  or  air 
and  specific  gravity,  mechanical  concentration  of  ores  is  performed. 

Condenser.  A  vessel  or  chamber  in  which  volatile  products  of 
roasting  or  smelting  (e.  g.,  mercury  or  zinc  vapors)  are  reduced  to 
solid  form  by  cooling,  or  in  which  the  fumes  of  furnaces,  containing 
mechanically  suspended  as  well  as  volatile  metallic  matters,  are  ar- 
rested. 

Conglomerate.  A  rock  consisting  of  fragments  of  other  rocks 
(usually  rounded)  cemented  together. 

Consume.  The  chemical  and  mechanical  loss  of  mercury  in  amal- 
gamation. 

Contact.  The  plane  between  two  adjacent  bodies  of  dissimilar 
rock.  A  contact-vein  is  a  vein,  and  a  contact-bed  is  a  bed,  lying, 
the  former  more  or  less  closely,  the  latter  absolutely,  along  a  contact. 

Continental  process.   See  German  process. 

Converter.     See  Bessemer  process. 

Cope.  1.  DERB.  To  contract  to  mine  lead  ore  by  the  dish,  load,  or 
other  measure.  2.  The  upper  part  of  a  flask,  separable  from  the 
lower  part.  See  Drag. 

Coper,  DERB.    One  who  contracts  to  raise  lead-ore  at  a  fixed  rate. 

Copperas.   Ferrous  sulphate. 

Copper-ores.  Native  copper ;  red  copper-ore  (cuprite,  protoxide) ; 
green  and  blue  malachite  (malachite  and  azurite,  carbonates) ;  copper 
glance  (chalcocite,  sulphide) ;  purple  copper  (variegated  or  peacock 
ore,  bornite,  sulphide  of  copper  and  iron);  gray  copper  (fahl-ore, 
tetrahedrite,  sulphantimonide  of  copper  and  other  metals);  yellow 
copper  (copper-pyrites,  chalcopyrite,  sulphide  of  copper  and  iron) ; 
copper-lead  ore  (bournonite,  sulphantimonide  of  lead  and  copper) ; 
black  copper-ore  (an  earthy  and  variable  mixture  of  sulphide  and 
oxide  of  copper). 

Copper-plates,  AUSTR.  and  PAC.  The  plates  of  amalgamated  copper 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          25 

over  which    the   auriferous  ore  is  allowed  to  flow  from  the  stamp 
battery,  and  upon  which  the  gold  is  caught  as  amalgam. 

Copper-rain.  Minute  globules  thrown  up  from  the  surface  of 
molten  copper,  when  it  contains  but  little  suboxide. 

Copper-smoke.  The  gases  from  the  calcination  of  sulphuretted 
copper-ores. 

Corbond.     An  irregular  mass  or  "  dropper"  from  a  lode. 

Cordurie  process.  The  refining  of  lead  by  conducting  steam 
through  it,  while  molten,  to  oxidize  certain  metallic  impurities. 

Core,  CORN.    A  miner's  underground  working-time  or  shift. 

Corf,  Corve,  or  Cauf  (the  last  incorrect).  1.  NEWC.  A  large  bas- 
ket used  in  hoisting  coal ;  from  the  GERM.  Korb.  2.  A  wooden  frame 
to  carry  coal.  3.  A  sled  or  low  wagon  for  the  same  purpose. 

Cornish  pump.  A  pump  operated  by  rods  attached  to  the  beam 
of  a  single-acting,  condensing  beam-engine.  The  steam,  pressing 
down  the  piston  in  the  vertical  steam-cylinder,  lifts  the  pump-rods, 
and  these  subsequently  descend  by  their  own  weight. 

Coro-coro.  A  dressed  product  of  copper-works  in  South  America, 
consisting  of  grains  of  native  copper  mixed  with  pyrite,  chalco-py- 
rite,  mispickel,  and  earthy  minerals. 

Corroding-lead.  Refined  lead,  sufficiently  pure  for  the  corroding 
process,  by  which  white  lead  is  manufactured. 

Cost-book,  CORN.  A  book  used  to  keep  accounts  of  mining  enter- 
prises carried  on  under  the  cost-book  system,  peculiar  to  Cornwall  and 
Devon,  and  differing  from  both  partnership  and  incorporation.  It 
resembles  the  mining  partnership  system  of  the  Pacific  States. 

Costeaning  or  Costeening,  CORN.  Discovering  veins  by  pits  and 
open  cuts,  run  on  the  surface  transversely  to  the  supposed  course 
of  the  veins. 

Counter.  1.  A  cross- vein.  2.  (Or  counter '-gangway.}  A  gangway 
driven  obliquely  upwards  on  a  coal-seam  from  the  main  gangway 
until  it  cuts  off  the  faces  of  the  workings,  and  then  continues  par- 
allel with  the  main  gangway.  The  oblique  portion  is  called  the 
run. 

Country,  or  country-rock,  CORN.  The  rock  traversed  by  or  adja- 
cent to  an  ore  deposit. 

Course.     See  Strike. 

Course  of  ore.    See  Chute  (2.). 

Coursing.  Conducting  the  air-current  of  a  mine  in  different  direc- 
tions by  means  of  doors  and  stoppings. 

Cousin  Jack.     A  common  nickname  for  a  Cornishman. 

4 


26          A    GLOSSARY    OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 


Covered-binding,  CORN.   See 

Cow.     A  kind  of  self-acting  brake  for  inclined  planes  ;  a  trailer. 

Cowl.   See  Water-barrel. 

Cowper-  Siemens  stove.  A  hot-blast  stove  of  firebrick  on  the 
regenerative-principle. 

Coyoting,  PAC.  Mining  in  irregular  openings  or  burrows,  com- 
parable to  the  holes  of  coyotes  or  prairie  foxes. 

Crab.  A  machine  for  moving  heavy  weights.  Specially  the  en- 
gines employed  for  lowering  into  place  the  pumps,  rods,  pipes,  etc., 
of  Cornish  pit-work. 

Cradle,  PAC.     See  Rocker. 

Cramp.     A  pillar  of  rock  or  mineral  left  for  support. 

Cranch.     Part  of  a  vein  left  by  old  workers. 

Craze  or  Creaze,  CORN.  The  tin-ore  which  collects  in  the  middle 
part  of  the  buddle. 

Creep,  NEWC.  A  rising  of  the  floor  of  a  gangway,  occasioned 
by  the  weight  of  incumbent  strata,  in  pillar  workings.  Also  any 
slow  movement  of  mining  ground. 

Cretaceous.    1.  Chalky.     2.  See  Geological  formations. 

Crevet.     A  crucible. 

Crevice,  PAC.  1.  A  shallow  fissure  in  the  bed-rock  under  a  gold 
placer,  in  which  small  but  highly  concentrated  deposits  of  gold  are 
found.  2.  The  fissure  containing  a  vein. 

Crib.  1.  See  Curb.  2.  A  structure  composed  of  frames  of  timber 
laid  horizontally  upon  one  another,  or  of  timbers  built  up  as  in  the 
walls  of  a  log  -cabin.  3.  A  miner's  luncheon. 

Cribbing.  Close  timbering,  as  the  lining  of  a  shaft,  or  the  con- 
struction of  cribs  of  timber  or  timber  and  earth  or  rock,  to  support 
a  roof. 

Cribble.     A  sieve. 

Crop.  1.  CORN.  See  Crop-tin.  2.  The  basset  or  outcrop  of  strata 
at  the  surface.  3.  To  leave  coal  at  the  bottom  of  a  bed. 

Cropping  out.  The  rising  of  layers  of  rock  to  the  surface.  That 
part  of  a  vein  which  appears  above  the  surface  is  called  the 
cropping  or  outcrop. 

Crop-tin.  The  chief  portion  of  tin-ore  separated  from  waste  in  the 
principal  dressing  operation. 

Cross-course,  CORN.     An  intersecting  (usually  a  barren)  vein. 

Cross-cut.  A  level  driven  across  the  course  of  a  vein,  or,  in  gen- 
eral, across  the  direction  of  the  main  workings  (as  to  connect  two 
parallel  gangways),  or  across  the  "  grain  of  coal." 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         27 

Cross-heading.  A  heading  driven  across  from  one  gangway  or 
breast  to  another,  usually  for  ventilation. 

Ct^oss-vein.     An  intersecting  vein. 

Crow  or  crow-foot.  A  tool  with  a  side-claw,  for  grasping  and  re- 
covering broken  rods  in  deep  bore-holes. 

Crucible.  1.  A  melting  pot.  2.  The  lower  part  of  a  shaft  furnace, 
in  which  fusion  is  effected  and  the  molten  bath  is  contained. 

Crush.  1.  A  squeeze,  accompanied,  perhaps,  with  more  violent 
motion  and  effects.  2.  A  variety  of  fault  in  coal.  See  Fault  (2). 

Crusher.     A  machine  for  crushing  ores. 

Cry  of  tin.  The  peculiar  crackling  noise  produced  in  bending  a 
piece  of  metallic  tin. 

Culm.  1.  ENG.  Anthracite.  2.  PENN.  The  waste  or  slack  of  the 
Pennsylvania  anthracite  mines,  consisting  of  fine  coal,  more  or  less 
pure,  and  coal-dust  and  dirt. 

Cup-and-cone.  A  machine  for  charging  a  shaft-furnace,  consist- 
ing of  an  iron  hopper  with  a  large  central  opening,  which  is  closed 
by  a  cone  or  bell,  pulled  up  into  it  from  below.  In  the  annular 
space  around  this  cone,  the  ore,  fuel,  etc.,  are  placed  ;  then  the  cone 
is  lowered  to  drop  the  materials  into  the  furnace;  after  which  it  is 
again  raised  to  close  the  hole. 

Cupellation.  The  treatment  on  a  hearth  or  cupel  (usually  formed 
of  bone-ash)  of  an  alloy  of  lead,  gold,  and  silver,  by  means  of  fusion 
and  an  air  blast,  which  oxidizes  the  lead  to  litharge,  and  removes  it 
in  liquid  form,  or  absorbs  it  in  the  cupel. 

Cupola.  A  shaft-furnace  with  a  blast,  for  remelting  metals,  pre- 
paratory to  casting.  Sometimes  incorrectly  pronounced  and  written 
Cupalo. 

Curb.  A  timber  frame,  circular  or  square,  wedged  in  a  shaft  to 
make  a  foundation  for  walling  or  tubbing,  or  to  support,  with  or 
without  other  timbering,  the  walls  of  the  shaft. 

Curbing.     See    Ch'ibbing. 

Cut.   1.  To  intersect  a  vein  or  working.    2.   To  excavate  coal. 

Dam.  1.  To  keep  back  water  in  a  stream  or  mine  by  means  of  a 
dam  or  bulkhead.  2.  S.  STAFF.  See  Stopping  and  Bulkhead.  3. 
The  wall  of  refractory  material,  forming  the  front  of  the  fore-hearth 
of  a  blast  furnace.  It  is  built  on  the  inside  of  a  supporting  iron 
plate  (dam-plate).  Iron  is  tapped  through  a  hole  in  the  dam,  and 
cinder  through  a  notch  in  the  top  of  the  dam.  See  Lurmann  front. 


28         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Damask.  The  etched  or  "  watered"  surface  produced  on  polished 
(welded)  steel  by  corrosion. 

Damper.  A  valve  in  a  flue  or  at  the  top  of  a  chimney  to  regulate 
the  draft. 

Dam-plate.  The  plate  upon  the  dam-stone  or  front  stone  of  the 
bottom  of  a  blast  furnace. 

Damp  sheet,  S.  STAFF.  A  large  sheet,  placed  as  a  curtain  or  par- 
tition across  a  gate-road  to  stop  and  turn  an  air-current. 

Dan,  NEWC.     A  truck  or  sled  used  in  coal  mines. 

Danks  puddler.    A  revolving  mechanical  puddler.    Set-  /  VA///V/. 

Dant,  NEWC.     Soft,  inferior  coal  ;  mineral  charcoal. 

Davy  lamp.     The  safety  lamp  invented  by  Sir  H.  Davy. 

Day,  WALES.  The  surface  of  the  ground  over  a  mine.  Dai/- 
level.  An  adit.  Day-wafer.  Water  from  the  surface. 

Dead,  CORN.  1.  Un ventilated.  2.  As  to  a  vein  or  piece  of 
ground,  unproductive. 

Deadened  mercury.     See  Floured. 

Dead-plate.  A  nearly  horizontal  iron  plate,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
furnace,  under  a  steam-boiler,  on  which  the  bituminous  coal  charges 
are  laid  to  be. partially  coked  before  they  are  pushed  upon  the  grate 
where  their  solid  carbon  is  consumed.  The  gases  evolved  on  the 
dead-plate  pass  over  the  grate  and  are  burned. 

Dead  riches.     See  Base  bullion. 

Dead  roasting.  Roasting  carried  to  the  farthest  practicable  de- 
gree in  the  expulsion  of  sulphur. 

Deads,  CORN.  The  waste  rock,  packed  in  excavations  from  which 
ore  or  coal  has  been  extracted. 

Dead-work.  Work  that  is  not  directly  productive,  though  it  may 
be  necessary  for  exploration  and  future  production. 

Deal.     Plank  used  in  shaft  and  gallery  construction. 

Dean,  CORN.     The  end  of  a  level. 

Debris,  FR.  The  fragments  resulting  from  shattering  or  disinte- 
gration. 

Deep,  CORN.  The  lower  portion  of  a  vein ;  used  in  the  phrase 
to  the  deep,  i.  e.,  downward  upon  the  vein. 

Denunciar,  SP.  To  denounce.  To  give  information  that  a  mine 
is  forfeited  for  being  insufficiently  worked,  or  for  a  violation  of  some 
condition  which  imposes  that  penalty.  This  term  is  also  applied  to 
the  giving  notice  of  a  discovery,  for  the  purpose  of  registry. 

Deposit.     The  term  mineral  deposit  or  ore-deposit  is  arbitrarily 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          29 

used  to  designate  a  natural  occurrence  of  a  useful  mineral  or  ore  in 
extent  and  degree  of  concentration  to  invite  exploitation. 

Derrick.  1.  See  Whip.  2.  The  hoisting-tower  over  an  artesian 
well-boring. 

Descens ion-theory.  The  theory  that  the  material  in  veins  entered 
from  above. 

Desilverization.     The  process  of  separating  silver   from  its  alloys. 

Desiring,  CORN.     See  Dissuing. 

Desulphurization.     The  removal  of  sulphur  from  sulphuret  ores. 

Dial,  CORN.  See  Compass.  To  dial  a  mine  is  to  make  a  survey 
of  it, 

Diamond-drill.  *  A  form  of  rock-drill  in  which  the  work  is  done 
by  abrasion  instead  of  percussion,  black  diamonds  (borts)  being  set 
in  the  head  of  the  boring  tool. 

Diamond  groove.     A  groove  of  V-section  in  a  roll. 

Die.  A  piece  of  hard  iron,  placed  in  a  mortar  to  receive  the  blow 
of  a  stamp,  or  in  a  pan  to  receive  the  friction  of  the  muller.  Be- 
tween the  die  and  the  stamp  or  muller  the  ore  is  crushed. 

Dig,  CORN.     See  Gouge. 

Diggings.  Applicable  to  all  mineral  deposits  and  mining  camps, 
but  in  usage  in  the  United  States  applied  to  placer-mining  only. 

Dike.     A  vein  of  igneous  rock. 

Dilluing  or  dilleughing,  CORN.  An  operation  performed  in  tin- 
dressing  upon  the  slimes  of  a  certain  part  of  the  process.  It  is  like 
the  operation  of  panning,  only  performed  with  a  sieve  having  a  close 
haircloth  bottom,  and  in  a  kieve  of  water  which  receives  the  tail- 
ings of  the  process. 

Diluvium.  Sand,  gravel,  clay,  etc.,  in  superficial  deposits.  See 
Drift.  According  to  some  authors,  alluvium  is  the  effect  of  the  or- 
dinary, and  diluvium  of  the  extraordinary  action  of  water.  The 
latter  term  is  now  passing  out  of  use  as  not  precise,  and  more  spe- 
cific names  for  the  different  kinds  of  material  are  substituted. 

Dinas  brick.  A  refractory  brick,  almost  entirely  composed  of 
silica  from  the  Dinas  "  clay  "  in  the  Vale  of  Neath,  England. 

Dip.  The  inclination  of  a  vein  or  stratum  below  the  horizontal. 
The  dip  at  any  point  is  necessarily  at  right  angles  with  the  local 
strike,  and  its  inclination  is  steeper  than  that  of  any  other  line  drawn 
in  the  plane  of  the  vein  or  stratum  through  that  point. 

Dipping-needle.     See  Compass. 

Discovery,  PAC.  The  first  finding  of  the  mineral  deposit  in  place 
upon  a  mining  claim.  A  discovery  is  necessary  before  the  location 


30         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

can  be  held  by  a  valid  title.  The  opening  in  which  it  is  made  is 
called  discovery-shaft,  discovery-tunnel,  etc. 

Dish,  CORN.  1.  The  landowner's  or  landlord's  part  of  the  ore. 
2.  DERB.  A  measure  of  14,  15,  or  16  pints. 

Dissumffj  CORN.  Cutting  out  the  selvage  or  gouge  of  a  lode,  to 
facilitate  the  ore-extraction. 

Distillation.  Volatilization, followed  by  condensation  to  the  liquid 
state. 

District.  In  the  States  and  Territories  west  of  the  Missouri,  a 
vaguely  bounded  and  temporary  division  and  organization  made  by 
the  inhabitants  of  a  mining  region.  A  district  has  one  code  of  min- 
ing laws,  and  one  recorder.  Counties  and  county* officers  are  grad- 
ually taking  the  place  of  these  cruder  arrangements. 

Ditch.  An  artificial  watercourse,  flume,  or  canal,  to  convey 
water  for  mining.  A  flume  is  usually  of  wood  ;  a  ditch,  of  earth. 

Divining-rod  or  Dowsing-rod,  CORN.  A  rod  (most  frequently  of 
witch-hazel,  and  forked  in  shape)  used,  according  to  an  old  but  still 
extant  superstition,  for  discovering  mineral  veins  and  springs  of 
water,  and  even  for  locating  oil  welis. 

Doggy,  S.  STAFF.  An  underground  superintendent,  employed  by 
the  butty. 

Dog-hole..  A  small  proving-hole  or  airway,  usually  less  than  5 
feet  high. 

Dole.    A  division  of  a  parcel  of  ore. 

Dolly-tub,  CORN.  A  tub  in  which  ore  is  washed,  being  agi- 
tated by  a  dolly,  or  perforated  board. 

Dope.     See  Explosives. 

Dotts  or  Dott-holes.     Small  openings  in  the  vein. 

Douglas  process.     See  Hunt  and  Douglas  process. 

Downcast.  The  opening  through  which  the  ventilating  air-current 
descends  into  a  mine. 

Downcome.  The  pipe  through  which  tunnel-head  gases  from  iron 
blast-furnaces  are  brought  down  to  the  hot-blast  stoves  and  boilers, 
when  these  are  below  the  tunnel-head. 

Dradge,  CORN.  The  inferior  portions  of  ore,  separated  from  the 
prill  by  cobbing. 

Drag.  The  lower  part  of  a  flask.  The  mould  having  been  pre- 
pared in  the  two  parts  of  the  flask,  the  cope  is  put  upon  the  drag 
before  casting.  After  casting,  the  flask  is  opened  by  removing  the 
cope. 


\      A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          31 

Drug-twist.  A  spiral  hook  at  the  end  of  a  rod,  for  cleaning  bore- 
holes. 

Draught,  S.  STAFF.  The  quantity  of  coal  raised  to  bunk  in  a  given 
time. 

Draw.  To  rob  pillars  or  the  top-coal  of  breasts  before  abandoning 
the  ground. 

Dredge.     Very  fine  mineral  matter  held  in  suspension  in  water. 

Dresser,  S.  STAFF.  A  large  pick,  with  which  the  largest  lumps 
of  coal  are  prepared  for  loading  into  the  skip. 

Dressing,  CORN.  The  picking  and  sorting  of  ores,  and  washing, 
preparatory  to  reduction. 

Drift.  1.  A  horizontal  passage  underground.  A  drift  follows 
the  vein,  as  distinguished  from  a  cross-cut,  which  intersects  it,  or  a 
level  or  gallery,  which  may  do  either.  2.  Unstratified  diluvium. 

Drill.  A  metallic  tool  for  boring  in  hard  material.  The  ordi- 
nary miner's  drill  is  a  bar  of  steel,  with  a  chisel-shaped  end,  and  is 
struck  with  a  hammer.  See  Rock-drill,  Diamond-drill. 

Driving.  Extending  excavations  horizontally.  Distinguished 
from  sinking  and  raising. 

Dropper,  CORN.  A  branch  leaving  the  main  vein  on  thefootwall 
side. 

Dross.  The  material  skimmed  from  the  surface  of  freshly  melted, 
not  perfectly  pure  metal. 

Drowned  level.     See  Blind  level,  (2). 

Druggon,  S.  STAFF.  A  square  iron  or  wooden  box,  used  for  con- 
veying fresh  water  for  horses,  etc.,  in  a  mine. 

Drum.  That  part  of  the  winding  machinery  on  which  the  rope 
or  chain  is  coiled. 

Druse.     A  crystallized  crust  lining  the  sides  of  a  cavity. 

Dry,  CORN.     See  C hanging-house. 

Dry  copper.  See  Under-poled  copper.  Also  copper  just  ready  for 
poling. 

Dry  Puddling.     See  Puddling. 

Dry  sand.  Sand  prepared  for  moulds  by  thorough  drying  and 
baking.  When  special  cohesion  is  required)  as  for  cores)  other  sub- 
stances, such  as  flour,  molasses,  etc.,  are  mixed  with  it. 

Dualin.     See  Explosives. 

Dumb-drift.  An  air-way  conveying  air  around,  not  through,  a 
ventilating  furnace  to  the  upcast. 

Dump.  1.  To  unload  a  vehicle  by  tilting  or  otherwise,  without 
handling  or  shovelling  out  its  contents.  2.  A  pile  of  ore  or  rock. 


32         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Dumper.     A  tilting-car  used  on  (Jumps. 

Durn,  CORN.     A  frame  of  timbering,  like  a  door-frame. 

Dust-plate.  A  vertical  iron  plate,  supporting  the  dag-runner  of 
an  iron  blast  furnace./ 

Dutch  metal.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  containing  more  copper 
than  ordinary  brass. 

Duty.  A  measure  of  the  effectiveness  of  a  steam-engine,  usually 
expressed  in  the  number  of  foot-pounds  (or  kilogram  metres)  of  use- 
ful work  obtained  from  a  given  quantity  of  fuel. 

Duty-ore,  CORN.     The  landlord's  share  of  the  ore. 

Dyke.     See  Dike. 

Dzhu,  CORN.  To  cut  ahead  on  one  side  of  a  face,  .so  as  to  increase 
the  efficacy  of  blasting  on  the  remainder.  (Doubtless  the  same  word 
as  Dissue.  See  Dlssuing.)  Also  called  to  hnlh. 

Egg-coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Egg-hole,  DERB.  A  notch  cut  in  the  wall  of  a  lode  to  hold  the 
end  of  a  stempel. 

Electrum.     An  alloy  of  copper,  zinc,  and  nickel. 

Eliquation.  Separating  an  alloy  by  heating  it  so  as  to  melt  the 
more  fusible  of  its  ingredients,  but  not  the  less  fusible. 

Elutriation.  Purification  by  washing  and  pouring  off  the  lighter 
matter  suspended  in  water,  leaving  the  heavier  portions  behind. 

Elvan,  CORN.  A  name  given  to  certain  broad  granite  veins  or 
belts  in  schistose  rocks. 

Emery.     Impure  corundum. 

End  of  coal.  The  direction  or  section  at  right-angles  to  the  face  ; 
sometimes  called  the  butt. 

End-pieces,  CORN.     See  Wall-plates. 

English  process.  In  copper-smelting,  the  process  of  reduction  in  a 
reverberatory  furnace,  after  roasting,  if  necessary. 

English  zinc-furnace.  A  furnace  in  which  zinc  is  reduced  and 
distilled  from  calcined  ores  in  crucibles. 

Engorgement.    The  clogging  of  a  furnace.     See  Scaffold. 

Entry.  An  adit.  Applied  to  the  main  gangway  in  some  coal 
mines. 

Estufa  amalgamation,  SP.  A  modification  of  the  patio  process, 
using  heat. 

Exploder.  A  cap  or  fulminating  cartridge,  placed  in  a  charge  of 
gunpowder  or  other  explosive,  and  exploded  by  electricity  or  by 
a  fuse.  See  Explosives. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          33 

Exploitation,  FR.  The  productive  working  of  a  mine,  as  distin- 
guished from  exploration. 

Explosives.  The  principal  explosives  used  in  mining  are  gun- 
powder, a  compound  of  sulphur,  charcoal,  and  potassium  nitrate 
(potash  saltpetre)  or  sodium  nitrate  (Chili  or  soda-saltpetre);  nitroglyc- 
erin, a  liquid  compound  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxy- 
gen, produced  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  glycerin ;  dynamite 
No.  1,  or  giant-powder,  a  mixture  of  nitroglycerin  with  a  dry  pulver- 
ized mineral  or  vegetable  absorbent  or  dope  (commonly  silicious  or 
infusorial  earth) ;  dynamite  No.  2,  nitroglycerin  mixed  with  saltpetre, 
sawdust,  or  coaldust,  paraffin,  etc.,  in  lieu  of  an  inexplosive  dope;  litho- 
fracteur,  nitroglycerin  mixed  with  silicious  earth,  charcoal,  sodium 
(and  sometimes  barium)  nitrate  and  sulphur;  dualin,  nitroglycerin, 
mixed  with  potassium  nitrate  and  fine  sawdust ;  rend-rock,  Hercules, 
Neptune,  tonite,  vigorite,  and  other  powders,  resembling  dyna- 
mite No.  2,  i.  e.,  consisting  of  nitroglycerin  with  a  more  or  less  explo- 
sive dope  ;  and  mica-powder,  a  No.  1  dynamite,  in  which  the  dope  is 
fine  scales  of  mica.  The  chlorate,  picrate,  and  fulminate  explosives 
are  not  used  in  mining,  except  the  fulminate  of  mercury,  which  is 
employed  for  the  caps  or  exploders,  by  means  of  which  charges  of 
powder,  dynamite,  etc.,  are  fired. 

Eye.  1 .  The  top  of  a  shaft.  2.  The  opening  at  the  end  of  a 
tuyere,  opposite  the  nozzle.  3.  The  hole  in  a  pick  or  ham'mer-head 
which  receives  the  handle. 

Face.  1.  In  any  adit,  tunnel,  or  stope,  the  end  at  which  work  is 
progressing  or  was  last  done.  2.  The  face  of  coal  is  the  principal 
cleavage-plane  at  right  angles  to  the  stratification.  Driving  on  the 
face  is  driving  against  or  at  right  angles  with  the  face. 

Fagot.     See  Pile. 

Fahlband,  GERM.  A  zone  or  stratum  in  crystalline  rock,  impreg- 
nated with  metallic  sulphides.  Intersecting  fissure-veins  are  en- 
riched by  ihefahlband. 

Famp,  N...WC.     Soft,  tough,  thin  shale  beds. 

Fan.  A  revolving  machine,  to  blow  air  into  a  mine  (pressure- 
fan,  blower),  or  to  draw  it  out  (suction-fan). 

Fanega,  SP.     A  bushel ;  sometimes  half  a  mule-load. 

Fang,  DERB.  An  air-course  cut  in  the  side  of  a  shaft  or  level, 
or  constructed  of  wood. 

Fast-end.  1.  The  part  of  the  coal-bed  next  the  rock.  2.  A 
gangway  with  rock  on  both  sides.  See  Loose-end. 

5 


34         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Fast  shot,  NEWC.  A  charge  of  powder  exploding  without  the  de- 
sired effect. 

Fathom,  CORN.  Six  feet.  A  fathom  of  mining  (/round  is  six  feet 
square  by  the  whole  thickness  of  the  vein,  or  in  Cornish  phrase,  a 
fathom  forward  by  a  fathom  vertical. 

Fauld.     The  tymp-arch  or  working-arch  of  a  furnace. 

Fathom-tale,  CORN.  See  Tut-worJc  (2).  This  name  probably  arises 
from  the  payment  for  such  work  by  the  space  excavated,  and  not  by 
the  ore  produced. 

Fault.  1.  A  dislocation  of  the  strata  or  the  vein.  2.  In  coal- 
seams,  sometimes  applied  to  the  coal  rendered  worthless  by  its  condi- 
tion in  the  seam  (slate-fault,  dirt-fault,  etc.). 

Feather.     See  Plug  and  feather. 

Feathered-shot.     Copper  granulated  by  pouring  into  cold  water. 

Feathering.     See  Plugging. 

Feeder.  1.  A  small  vein  joining  a  larger  vein.  "2.  A  spring  or 
stream.  3.  A  blower  of  gas. 

Feigh,  NEWC.     Refuse  washed  from  lead-ore  or  coal. 

Feldspathic.     Containing  feldspar  as  a  principal  ingredient. 

Fell.     See  Riddle. 

Ferrie  furnace.  A  high  iron  blast  furnace,  in  the  upper  part  of 
which  crude  bituminous  coal  is  converted  into  coke. 

Ferromanganese.     An  alloy  of  iron  and  manganese. 

Ferruginous.     Containing  iron. 

Fettle,  Fettling.     See  Fix. 

Fillet.     The  rounded  corner  of  a  groove  in  a  roll. 

Fin.  The  thin  sheet  of  metal  squeezed  out  between  the  collars  of 
the  rolls  in  a  roll-train. 

Fine  metal.  1.  See  Metal.  2.  The  iron  or  plate-metal  produced 
in  the  refinery. 

Finery.  A  charcoal-hearth  for  the  conversion  of  cast  into  mal- 
leable iron. 

Fining.  I.  See  Refining.  2.  The  conversion  of  cast  into  mal- 
leable iron  in  a  hearth  or  charcoal-fire. 

Finwhing-rolk.  The  rolls  of  a  train  which  receive  the  bar  from 
the  roiighing-rolls,  and  reduce  it  to  its  finished  shape. 

Fire-bars.     Grate-bars  in  a  fireplace. 

Fire-bricks.  Refractory  bricks  of  fire-clay  or  of  silicious  mate- 
rial used  to  line  furnaces. 

Fire-bridge.  The  separating  low  wall  between  the  fire-place  and 
the  hearth  of  a  reverberatory  furnace. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          3o 

Fire-day.  A  clay  comparatively  free  from  iron  and  alkalies,  not 
easily  fusible,  and  hence  used  for  fire-bricks.  It  is  often  found  be- 
neath coal-beds. 

Fire-damp.  Light  carburetted  hydrogen  gas.  When  present  in 
common  air  to  the  extent  of  one-fifteenth  to  one-thirteenth  by  volume, 
the  mixture  is  explosive. 

Fire-setting.  The  softening  or  cracking  of  the  working-face  of  a 
lode,  to  facilitate  excavation,  by  exposing  it  to  the  action  of  a  wood- 
fire  built  close  against  it.  Now  nearly  obsolete,  but  much  used  in 
hard  rock  before  the  introduction  of  explosives. 

Fire-stink,  S.  STAFF.  The  stench  from  decomposing  iron  pyrites, 
caused  by  the  formation  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Fissure-vein.     A  fissure  in  the  earth's  crust  filled  with  mineral. 

Fix.  To  fettle  or  line  with  a  fix  or  fettling,  consisting  of  ores, 
scrap  and  cinder,  or  other  suitable  substances,  the  hearth  of  a  pud- 
dling furnace. 

Flang,  CORN.     A  two-pointed  miner's  pick. 

Flange.     Applied  to  a  vein  widening. 

Flap-door,  NEWC.     A  manhole  door. 

Flask.  1.  The  wooden  or  iron  frame  which  holds  the  sand- 
mould  used  in  a  foundry.  2.  An  iron  bottle  in  which  quicksilver 
is  sent  to  market.  It  contains  76J  pounds. 

Flat,  DERB.  and  N".  WALES.  A  horizontal  vein  or  ore-deposit 
auxiliary  to  a  main  vein  ;  also  any  horizontal  portion  of  a  vein  else- 
where not  horizontal. 

Flat-nose  shell.  A  cylindrical  tool  with  valve  at  bottom,  for 
boring  through  soft  clay. 

Flat-rods.  A  series  of  horizontal  'or  inclined  connecting-rods, 
running  upon  rollers,  or  supported  at  their  joints  by  rocking-arms, 
to  convey  motion  from  a  steam-engine  or  water-wheel  to  pump-rods 
at  a  distance. 

Flat-wall,  CORN.     A  local  term  (in  St.  Just)  for  foot-wall. 

Flintshire  furnace.  A  reverberator^  with  a  depression,  well  or 
crucible  in  the  middle  of  the  side  of  the  hearth;  used  for  the  roasting 
and  reaction  process  on  lead  ores. 

Float-copper,  LAKE  SUP.  Fine  scales  of  metallic  copper  (espe- 
cially produced  by  abrasion  in  stamping)  which  do  not  readily  settle 
in  water. 

Float-gold,  PAC.  Fine  particles  of  gold,  which  do  not  readily 
settle  in  water,  and  hence  are  liable  to  be  lost  in  the  ordinary  stamp- 
mill  process. 


36          A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Float-ore.  Water-worn  particles  of  ore  ;  fragments  of  vein-ma- 
terial found  on  the  surface,  away  from  the  vein-outcrop. 

Flooltan  or  F looking,  CORN.     See  Fluccan. 

Floor.  1.  The  rock  underlying  a  stratified  or  nearly  horizontal 
deposit,  corresponding  to  the  foot-wall  of  more  steeply-dipping  de- 
posits. 2.  A  horizontal,  flat  ore-body.  3.  A  floor,  in  the  ordinnrv 
sense,  or  a  plank  platform  underground. 

Floran-tin,  CORN.  Tin  ore  scarcely  visible  in  the  stone,  or 
stamped  very  small. 

Flosh,  CORN.  A  rude  mortar,  with  a  shutter  instead  of  a  screen, 
used  under  stamps. 

Floss.     Fluid,  vitreous  cinder,  floating  in  a  puddling  furnace. 

Floss-hole.     A  tap-hole. 

Floured.  The  finely  granulated  condition  of  quicksilver,  pro- 
duced to  a  greater  or  less  extent  by  its  agitation  during  the  amalga- 
mation process. 

Flowing  furnace.  A  reverberatory  with  inclined  hearth,  used  in 
Cornwall  for  treating  roasted  lead  ores  by  the  precipitation  process. 

Fluccan,  CORN.  Soft  clayey  matter  in  the  vein  ;  a  vein  or  course 
of  clay. 

Flue.     A  passage  for  air,  gas,  or  smoke. 

Flue-bridge.  The  separating  low  wall  between  the  flues  and  the 
laboratory  of  a  reverberatory  furnace. 

Flue-cinder.  Iron-cinder  from  the  reheating  furnace,  so  called 
because  it  runs  out  from  the  lower  part  of  the  flue. 

Flume.     A  wooden  conduit,  bringing  water  to  a  mill  or  mine; 

Flux.  A  salt  or  other  mineral,  added  in  smelting  to  assist  fusion, 
by  forming  more  fusible  compounds. 

Foal,  NEWC.     A  young  boy  employed  in  putting  coal. 

Fodder,  NORTH  ENG.  A  unit  employed  in  expressing  weights  of 
metallic  lead,  and  equal  to  21  hundredweight  of  112  pounds  avoir- 
dupois. 

Foge,  CORN.     A  forge  for  smelting  tin. 

Fondon.  A  large  copper  vessel,  in  which  hot  amalgamation  is 
practiced. 

Foot-piece.     See  Sill. 

Foot-wall,  CORN.     The  wall  under  the  vein. 

Foot-way.  The  series  of  ladders  and  sollars  by  which  men  enter 
or  leave  a  mine. 

Forefield,  NEWC.  The  face  of  the  workings.  The  forefield-end  is 
the  end  of  the  workings  farthest  advanced. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.          37 

Fore-hearth.  A  projecting  bay  in  the  front  of  a  blast-furnace 
hearth,  under  the  tymp.  In  open-front  furnaces  it  is  from  the  fore- 
hearth  that  cinder  is  tapped.  See  Dam  and  Tymp. 

Forfeiture.  The  loss  of  possessory  title  to  a  mine  or  public  lands 
by  failure  to  comply  with  the  laws  prescribing  the  quantity  of  assess- 
ment work,  or  by  actual  abandonment. 

Fore-poling.  A  method  of  securing  drifts  in  progress  through 
quicksand  by  driving  ahead  poles,  lath,  boards,  slabs,  etc.,  to  prevent 
the  inflow  of  the  quicksand  on  the  sides  and  top,  the  face  being  pro- 
tected by  breast-boards. 

Forespar.     See  Bloomary. 

Fore-winning,  NfiWC.     Advanced  workings. 

Forge.  1.  An  open  or  semi-open  hearth  with  a  tuyere.  2.  ENG. 
That  part  of  an  ironworks  where  balls  are  squeezed  and  hammered 
and  then  drawn  out  into  puddle-bars  by  grooved  rolls. 

Forge-cinder.     The  slag  from  a  forge  or  bloomary. 

Formation.     See  Geological  formations. 

Fork.  I.  CORN.  The  bottom  of  the  sump.  2.  DERB.  A  piece 
of  wood  supporting  the  side  of  an  excavation  in  soft  ground. 

Forpale  or  Forepale.  The  driving  of  timbers  or  planks  horizon- 
tally ahead  at  the  working-face,  to  prevent  the  caving  of  the  ground 
in  subsequent  driving. 

Fossil  ore.     Fossiliferous  red  hematite. 

Fother,  NEWC.     One-third  of  a  chaldron. 

Foundershaft.     The  first  shaft  sunk. 

Fox-tail,  S.  WALES.  The  last  cinder  obtained  in  the  fining  pro- 
cess. 

Frame,  CORN.     See  Tin-frame. 

Free.  Native,  uncombined  with  other  substances,  as  free  gold  or 
silver. 

Free  fall.  An  arrangement  by  which,  in  deep  boring,  the  bit  is 
allowed  to  fall  freely  to  the  bottom  at  each  drop  or  down-stroke. 

Free-milling.  Applied  to  ores  which  contain  free  gold  or  silver, 
and  can  be  reduced  by  crushing  and  amalgamation,  without  roast- 
ing or  other  chemical  treatment. 

Freiberg  amalgamation.     See  Barrel  amalgamation. 

Fritting.  The  formation  of  a  slag  by  heat  with  but  incipient 
fusion. 

Frontal  hammer  or  Frontal  helve,  ENG.  A  forge-hammer  lifted 
by  a  cam,  acting  upon  a  "  tongue  "  immediately  in  front  of  the  ham- 
mer-head. 


38         A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Frue  vanner.  A  variety  of  continuously  working  percussion- 
table. 

Fulguration.     See  Blick. 

Furgen.     A  round  rod  used  for  sounding  a  bloomary  fire. 

Furnace.  1.  A  structure  in  which  heat  is  produced  by  the  com- 
bustion of  fuel.  2.  A  structure  in  which,  with  the  aid  of  heat  so 
produced,  the  operations  of  roasting,  reduction,  fusion,  steam-gener- 
ation, desiccation,  etc.,  are  carried  on,  or,  as  in  some  mines,  the 
upcast  air-current  is  heated,  to  facilitate  its  ascent  and  thus  aid  ven- 
tilation. 

Furnace  cadmium  or  cadmia.  The  oxide  of  zinc  which  accumu- 
lates in  the  chimneys  of  furnaces  smelting  zinciferous  ores. 

Furtherance,  NEWC.  An  extra  price  paid  to  hewers  when  they 
also  put  the  coal. 

Fuse.  A  tube  or  casing  filled  with  combustible  material,  by 
means  of  which  a  blast  is  ignited  and  exploded. 

Gad.  1.  A  steel  wedge.  2.  A  small  iron  punch  with  a  wooden 
handle  used  to  break  up  ore. 

Galemador,  SP.    A  small  Mexican  furnace  for  roasting  silver  ores. 

Gale,  ENG.  (Forest  of  Dean.)     A  grant  of  mining  ground. 

Galiage,     Royalty. 

Gallery.     A  level  or  drift. 

Gallery-furnace.  A  retort-furnace  used  in  the  distillation  of 
mercury. 

Gallows-frame.  A  frame  over  a  shaft,  carrying  the  pulleys  for 
the  hoisting  cables. 

Galvanize.     To  coat  with  zinc. 

Ganister.  A  mixture  of  ground  quartz  and  fire-clay,  used  in  lin- 
ing Bessemer  converters. 

Gang.     1.  A  mine.     2.  A  set  of  miners. 

Gangue.     The  mineral  associated  with  the  ore  in  a  vein. 

Gangway.  1.  A  main  level,  applied  chiefly  to  coal  mines.  2. 
NEWC.  A  wooden  bridge. 

Garland,  S.  STAFF.  A  trough  or  gutter  round  the  inside  of  a 
shaft  to  catch  the  water  running  down  the  sides. 

Gas-coal.     See  Coal. 

Gas-furnace.     A  furnace  employing  gaseous  fuel. 

Gash.  Applied  to  a  vein  wide  above,  narrow  below,  and  termi- 
nating in  depth  within  the  formation  it  traverses. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.          39 

'  Gas-producer.  A  furnace  in  which  combustible  gas  is  produced, 
to  be  used  as  fuel  in  another  furnace. 

Gas-well.     A  deep  boring,  from  which  natural  gas  is  discharged. 

Gate,  Gate-way,  or  Gate-road,  ENG.  1.  A  road  or  way  under- 
ground for  air,  water,  or  general  passage;  a  gangway.  2.  The 
aperture  in  a  founder's  mould,  through  which  the  molten  iron  enters. 

Gear,  NEWC.  1.  The  working  tools  of  a  miner.  2.  The  me- 
chanical arrangements  connecting  a  motor  with  its  work. 

Geode.  A  cavity,  studded  around  with  crystals  or  mineral  mat- 
ter, or  a  rounded  stone  containing  such  a  cavity. 

Geological  formations.  Groups  of  rocks  of  similar  character  and 
age  are  called  formations.  The  different  stratified  formations  have 
been  arranged  by  geologists  according  to  their  apparent  age  or  order 
of  position  stratigraphically,  and  the  fossils  they  contain.  While 
there  are  minor  points  of  difference  in  classification,  and  still  more 
in  nomenclature,  the  general  scheme  is  now  well  settled.  Three 
tables  are  given  below,  the  first  prepared  in  1878,  by  Professor  J.  D. 
Dana,  the  second  by  Professor  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  both  for  the  United 
States,  and  the  third,  referring  to  formations  found  in  Pennsylvania 
only,  by  Professor  J.  P.  Lesley.  They  are  taken  (Professor  Hunt's, 
with  later  revision  by  the  author),  from ,  The  Geologist's  Travelling 
Handbook,  prepared  by  James  Macfarlane,  Ph.D.  The  numbers 
attached  to  the  different  formations  in  these  tables  will  facilitate  the 
identification  of  a  given  formation  under  different  names.  A  cata- 
logue of  the  formations  is  added  to  the  tables,  in  which  the  pre- 
dominant rocks  of  each  are  named.  The  eruptive  rocks  are  not  in- 
cluded in  these  tables,  the  determination  of  their  age  being  a  more 
difficult  and  doubtful  matter,  the  discussion  of  which  cannot  be  un- 
dertaken in  this  place.  For  lack  of  space,  also,  the  enumeration 
and  description  of  the  different  species  of  rocks  and  minerals  must 
be  omitted,  the  reader  being  referred  for  such  information  to  works 
on  lithology  and  mineralogy.  (See  next  page.) 

Geordie.     The  miners7  term  for  Stephenson's  safety-lamp. 

German  process.  In  copper  smelting,  the  process  of  reduction  in 
a  shaft-furnace,  after  roasting,  if  necessary. 

German  silver.     A  white  alloy  of  nickel,  copper,  and  zinc. 

German  steel.     See  Steel. 

Gerstenhdfer  furnace.  A  shaft-furnace  filled  with  terraces  or 
shelves,  through  which  crushed  ore  is  caused  to  fall,  for  roasting. 

Gig.     See  Kibble. 

Gin.     See  Whim. 


40 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING   AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 


PROFESSOR   J.    D.    DANA*S   TABLE   OF   GEOLOGICAL   FORMATIONS. 


SYSTEMS  OB 
AGES. 

GROUPS  OR  PERIODS. 

FORMATIONS  OR   EPOCHS. 

Age  of  man 

20.  Quaternary. 

20.  Quaternary. 

^| 

19.  Tertiary. 

19  c.  Pliocene. 
19  b.  Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 

I 

a 
a 

18.  Cretaceous. 
17.  Jurassic. 

18  c.  Upper  Cretaceous. 
18  b.  Middle  Cretaceous. 
18  a.  Lower  Cretaceous. 

17.  Jurassic. 

1 

16.  Triassic. 

16.  Triassic. 

n 

15.  Permian. 

15.  Permian. 

Carboniferot 

14.  Carboniferous. 
13.  Subcarboniferous. 

14c.  Upper  Coal  Measures. 
14  b.  Lower  Coal  Measures. 
14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

13  b.  Upper  Subcarboniferous. 
13  a.  Lower  Subcarbonilerous. 

rf 

12.  Catskill. 

12.  Catskill. 

a 

0 

a 
M 

65 

0 

11.  Chemung. 
10.  Hamilton. 

lib.  Chermtng. 
11  a.  Portage. 

10  e.  Genesee. 
10  b.  Hamilton. 
10  a.  Marcellus. 

I 

Q 

9.  Corniferous. 

9c.  Corniferous. 
9b.  Scboharie. 
9  a.  Cauda  Galli. 

«VKRTEBRATK8. 

Upper  Silurian. 

8.  Oriskany. 
7.  Lower  Helderberg. 
6.  Salina. 
5.  Niagara. 

8.  Oriskany. 
7..Lower  Helderberg. 
6.  Salimi. 

5c.  Niagara, 
5b.  Clinton. 
5  a.  Medina. 

AN  OR  AGE  OP  11 

•Silurian. 

4.  Trenton. 
3.  Canadian. 

4c.  Cincinnati. 
4b.  Utica. 
4  a.  Trenton. 

3c.  Chazy. 
3  b.  Quebec. 
3  a.  Calclferous. 

f    '  1 

2.  Primordial  or  Cambrian. 

2b.  Potsdam. 
2  a.  Acadian. 

1.  Archaean. 

1  b.  Huroniau. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 

A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 


41 


PROFESSOR   T.    STERRY    HTJNT?S   TABLE   OF    GEOLOGICAL 
FORMATIONS. 


AMERICAN  FORMATIONS. 


Cenozoic. 


20.  Quaternary. 
19.  Tertiary. 


20.  Recent. 

19  c.  Pliocene. 
19  b.  Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 


Mesozoic. 


18.  Cretaceous. 
17.  Jurassic. 
16.  Triassic. 


18.  Cretaceous. 

17.  New  Red  Sandstone. 

16.  New  Red  Sandstone. 


Paleozoic. 

13-15.  Carboniferous. 

15.  Permo-Carboniferous. 
14.  Coal  Measures. 
13  b.  Mississippi  (Carb.Limestone). 
13  a.  "Waverley  or  TCouaventure. 

8-12.  Erian  or  Devonian. 

12.  Catskill. 
11.  Cheinung  and  Portage. 
10.  Hamilton   (including  Genesee 
and  Marcellus). 
9.  Corniferous  or  Upper  Helderb'gi 
8.  Oriskany. 

5-7.  Silurian. 

7.  Lower  Helderberg. 
6.  Onondaga  or  Salina. 
5  c.  Nhigara  (including  Guelph). 
5  b.  Clinton. 
5  a.  Medina. 
5  a.  Oueida. 

4.  Upper  Cambrian,  Siluro-Cambrian,    , 
Ordovician,  or  Ordoviau. 

4  c.  Loraine. 
4b.  Utioa. 
4  a.  Trenton. 

3.  Middle  Cambrian. 

3c.  Chazy. 
3  b.  Lev-is  (Tremadoc  and  Arenig). 
3  a.  Calcilerous. 

2.  Lower  Cambrian. 

2e.  Potsdam. 
2d.  Silk-ry. 
2c.  Acadian  (Menevian). 
2b.  Taconinn. 
2  a.  Keweenian. 

Eozoic. 

1.  Primary  or  Crystalline. 

1  e.  Montalban. 
1  d.  Norian  or  Labrador.* 
1  c.  Huronian. 
1  b.  Arvonian. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 

*  Professor  Hunt  says  there  are  many  reasons  for  believing  that  the  Norian  may  be  older  than 
the  Arvonian  and  Huronian. 

42        A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 


PROFESSOR  J.  P.  LESLEY'S  PROVISIONAL  NOMENCLATURE  OF  THE 

SECOND   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


NAMES  PROVISIONALLY  ADOPTED. 

Numbers  used 
in  first  survey. 

20.  Quaternary. 
16.  Triassic. 
14  c.  Upper  Barren  Measures. 
14  c.  Monongahela  River  Coal  Series. 
14  b.  Lower  Barren  Measures. 
14  b.  Allegheny  River  Coal  Series. 
14  a.  Pottsville  Conglomerate. 

XIII. 
XIII. 
XIII. 
XIII. 
XII. 

Bernician. 

13  b.  Mauch  Chunk  Red  Shale.    (Umbral.) 
13  a.  Pocono  Gray  Sandstone.    (Vespertine.) 

XI. 
X. 

Devonian. 

12.  Catskill  Red  Sandstone.    (Ponent.) 
11  b.  Chemung. 
11  a.  Portage. 
10  c.  Genesee. 
10  b.  Hamilton. 
10  a.  Marcellus. 
9.  Upper  Helderberg. 

IX. 

VIII. 
VIII. 
VIII. 
VIII. 
VIII. 
VIII. 
VII. 

Silurian. 

7.  Lower  Helderberg.    (Lewistown  Limestone.) 
5b.  Clinton. 
5  a.  Medina. 
5  a.  Oneida. 

VI. 
V. 
IV. 
IV. 

Siluro-Cambrian. 

4c.  Hudson  River. 
4b.  Utica. 
4  a.  Trenton. 
3  a.  Calciferous. 
2b.  Potsdam. 

III. 
III. 
II. 
II. 
I. 

1.  Azoic. 

NOTES. — In  the  following  notes  Professor  Hunt's  classification  is  sufficiently 
followed  to  show  the  nature  of  the  older  groups  which  he  distinguishes. 

la.  Laurentian.  Chiefly  massive  gneiss,  reddish  or  grayish,  sparingly  mica- 
ceous, often  hornblendic.  Some  crystalline  limestone,  magnetic  iron,  and  other 
metallic  ores. 

Ib.  Arvonian.  Chiefly  petrosilex,  often  becoming  quartziferous  prophyry, 
with  some  quartzites  and  hornblendic  rocks  ;  magnetic  and  specular  iron  ores. 

Ic.  Norian.  Chiefly  a  feldspathic  rock  (norite),  which  sometimes  carries  gar- 
net, epidote,  etc.;  also,  great  beds  of  titaniferous  iron  ore. 

Id.  Huronian.  Chloritic  schists,  greenstone  (diorite  or  diabase),  serpentine, 
steatite,  dolomite,  copper,  chrome,  nickel,  and  iron  ores. 

le.  Montalban.  Fine-grained  micaceous  or  hornblendic  gneiss,  chrysolite 
rock,  serpentine,  mica-schist,  granite. 

2a.  Keweenian.  The  copper-bearing  series  of  Lake  Superior,  made  up  of  sand- 
stones and  conglomerates,  with  much  interstratified  eruptive  rock. 

2b.  Taconian.  Granular  quartzites,  argillite.s  and  nacreous  or  hydro-mica- 
ceous schists  and  great  masses  of  crystalline  limestone,  marbles,  magnetite, 
siderite,  and  pyrite  changing  to  limonite. 

2cand  :  d.  Acadian  (and  Sillery).     Fossiliferous  sandstone  and  shale. 

2e.  Potsdam.     Sandstone,  conglomerate. 


A    GLOSSARY    OP    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         43 

3a.   Calciferous.     Sandy  magnesian  limestone,  calcareous  sandstone. 

3b.    Quebec.     Sandstone,  limestone  conglomerate,  black  slate 

8c.   Chazy.      Limestone,  chert. 

4a.  Trenton.  Limestone,  buff  and  bine ;  dolomite  carrying  lead  ore  deposits  ; 
brown-hematite  beds. 

4b.    Utica.     Dark  carbonaceous  slate  ;  impure  limestone. 

"4c.  Hudson  River.     Slate,  shale,  clay,  grit. 

5a.   Medina.     Conglomerate  ;  argillaceous  sandstone. 

5b.  Clinton.  Sandstone,  shale,  conglomerate,  limestone,  fossiliferous  red  hem- 
atite, or  oolitic  iron-ore  bed. 

5c.   Niagara.     Clay  shale  ;  limestone. 

t>.  Salina.     Red  shale,  gypseous  shale,  hydraulic  lime,  salt. 

7.  Lower  Helderberg.     Limestone,  shaly  or  compact,  and  fossiliferous. 

8.  Oriskany.     Sandstone. 

9.  Corniferous  or  Upper  Helderberg.     Principally  limestone. 

9a.  Cauda-galli.  Fine-grained  calcareous  and  argillaceous,  drab  or  brownish 
sandstone ;  peculiar  fossils. 

9b.  Schohnrie  Grit.  Fine-grained  calcareous  grit,  similar  to  9a,  but  with  dif- 
fering fossils. 

9c.  Oncndaga,  and  9d.  Corniferous.  Gray,  blue,  black  limestone.  At  the  top 
of  9d  occur  the  Marcellus  iron  ores  (carbonate). 

lOa.  Marcellus.  Black  or  dark-brown  bituminous  and  pyritiferous  shales.  In 
lOa  and  9d  occur  the  petroleum  deposits  of  Canada. 

lOb.  Hamilton.     Slate,  shale,  sandstone,  calcareous  and  argillaceous. 

lOb.   Tally.     Impure  dark  limestone. 

lOc.   Genesee.     Black  clay  slate. 

lla.    Portage.     Green  and  black  sandy  and  slaty  shales,  sandstone,  flagstone. 

lib.  Chemung.  Thin-bedded  greenish  sandstones  and  flagstones,  with  inter- 
vening shales,  and  rarely  beds  of  impure  limestone. 

12.  Catskill.  Red,  gray  sandstone,  grindstone  grit,  greenish  shale,  conglom- 
erate. 

13a.  Lower  Sub  carboniferous.     Sandstone,  limestone,  small  local  coal  beds. 

13b.  Upper  Subcarboniferous.  Red  shale,  red  and  gray  sandstone,  blue  lime- 
stone. 

14a.  Millstone  grit.  White  or  yellow  sandstone,  and  conglomerate  of  quartz 
•pebbles. 

14b.  and  14c.  Coal  measures.  Fire-clay,  shale,  sandstone,  conglomerate,  lime- 
stone, bituminous  coal,  anthracite,  iron  ore,  salt. 

15.  Permian.     Limestone,  sandstone,  marl,  shale. 

16.  Triassic.     Red  sandstone,  red  shale,  conglomerate,  lignite,  trap  dikes,  cop- 
per ore,  coal. 

17.  Jurassic.     Marl,    limestone,   probably    the    gold-bearing   slates   of   Cali- 
tornia. 

18.  Cretaceous.     Earthy  beds  of  sand,  marl,  clay,  limestone,  chalk,  lignite. 

19.  Tertiary.     Earthy  sand,  clay,  marl,  limestone,  sandstone. 

20.  Quaternary.     Sand,  pebbles,  boulders,  clay,  diluvium,  alluvium  ;  gravel 
and  placer  tin  and  gold  deposits. 

NOTE. — The  primary  and  crystalline  schistose  rocks  contain  the  larger  number 
of  mineral  veins.  The  ancient  magnesian  limestones  (probably  Devonian)  are 
characterized  in  many  localities  by  deposits  of  argentiferous  lead  ore  and  of 
zinc  ore. 


44.       A    GLOSSARY   OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Ginging,  DERB.     The  lining  of  a  shaft  with  masonry. 

Giraffe.     A  car  of  peculiar  construction  to  run  on  an  incline. 

Girdle.     A  thin  bed  of  stone. 

Girdle,  NEWC.     A  thin  stratum  of  stone. 

Girth.  In  square-set  timbering,  a  horizontal  brace  in  the  direction 
of  the  drift. 

Glazy.     See  Iron. 

Glist,  CORN.     Mica. 

Glut,  NEWC.  A  piece  of  wood,  used  to  fill  up  behind  cribbing  or 
tubbing. 

Goaf,  ENG.  An  excavated  space ;  also,  the  waste  rock  packed 
in  old  workings. 

Goaves.     Old  workings. 

Gob,  S.  WALES.  See  Goaf.  Both  terms  are  chiefly  used  in  col- 
lieries, and  are  apparently  the  same  word.  Local  usage  seems  to 
give  to  goaf  rather  the  meaning  of  the  space  in  which  the  roof  has 
fallen  after  the  pillars  have  been  removed,  and  to  gob  that  of  a  space 
packed  with  waste  after  long-wall  extraction  of  the  coal. 

Gobbing.     Packing  with  waste  rock.     See  Stowiny. 

Gob-up,  ENG.  Of  a  blast  furnace,  to  become  obstructed  in  work- 
ing by  reason  of  a  scaffold  or  a  salamander. ' 

Gob-fire.     Fire  produced  by  the  heat  of  decomposing  gob. 

Goffan  or  Goffen,  CORN.     A  long  narrow  surface-working. 

Gold-ores.  Native  gold;  telluric  gold  ore  (sylvanite,  mullerite, 
nagyagite,  tellurides  of  gold,  silver,  and  lead) ;  auriferous  lead,  zinc, 
and  copper  ores. 

Good  levels,  CORN.     Levels  nearly  horizontal. 

Good  roasting.     See  Roasting. 

Gopher  or  Gopher-drift.  An  irregular  prospecting-drift,  follow- 
ing or  seeking  the  ore  without  regard  to  maintenance  of  a  regular 
grade  or  section. 

Gossan  or  Gozzan,  CORN.  Hydrated  oxide  of  iron,  usually  found 
at  the  decomposed  outcrop  of  a  mineral  vein. 

Gothic  groove.     A  groove  of  Gothic  arch  section  in  a  roll. 

Gouge.  A  layer  of  soft  material  along  the  wall  of  a  vein,  favor- 
ing the  miner,  by  enabling  him  after  "  gouging  "  it  out  with  a  pick, 
to  attack  the  solid  vein  from  the  side. 

Grain,  ENG.  Of  coal,  the  lines  of  structure  or  parting  parallel 
with  the  main  gangways  and  hence  crossing  the  breasts. 

Grain-tin,  CORN.     1.  Crystalline  tin  ore.     2.  Metallic  tin. 

Grapnel.     An  implement  for  removing  the  core  left  by  an  annu- 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         45 

lar  drill  in  a  bore-hole,  or  for  recovering  tools,  fragments,  etc.,  fallen 
into  the  hole. 

Grampus,  U.  S.  The  tongs  with  which  bloomary  loups  and  billets 
are  handled. 

Granzas,  SP.     Small  pieces  of  ore. 

Graphite.     A  crystalline  form  of  carbon. 

Graphitic  carbon.  That  portion  of  the  carbon  in  iron  or  steel 
which  is  present  as  graphite. 

Grass,  CORN.  The  surface  over  a  mine.  Bringing  ores  to  grass 
is  taking  them  out  of  the  mine. 

Grassero,  SP.     A  slag-heap. 

Grate,  CORN.     See  Screen  (as  applied  to  stamps). 

Grate  coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Gravel-mine,  U.  S.     An  accumulation  of  auriferous  gravel. 

Grueso,  SP.  Lump  ore.  The  term  is  in  use  at  the  quicksilver 
mines  of  California. 

Green  sand.  Sand  used  for  moulds  without  previous  drying  or 
mixture. 

Gray  ore,  CORN.     Copper-glance.     See  Copper-ores. 

Gray  slag.  The  slag  from  the  Flintshire  lead  furnace.  It  is  rich 
in  lead. 

Griddle,  CORN.     A  miner's  sieve  to  separate  ore  from  halvans. 

Grip.     A  small,  narrow  cavity. 

Grizzly,  PAC.  A  grating  to  catch  and  throw  out  large  stones 
from  sluices. 

Groove  or  Grove.  1.  DERB.  A  mine;  from  the  GERM.  Grube. 
See  Roll 

Ground,  CORN.  The  rock  in  which  a  vein  is  found;  also,  any 
given  portion  of  the  mineral  deposit  itself. 

Growan,  CORN.    Decomposed  granite  ;  sometimes  the  granite  rock. 

Gubbin.     A  kind  of  ironstone. 

Grundy.     Granulated  pig  iron. 

Guard.  A  support  in  front  of  a  roll-train  to  guide  the  bar  into 
the  groove,  sometimes  called  a  side-guide. 

Guides.  1.  The  timbers  at  the  side  of  a  shaft  to  steady  and  guide 
the  cage.  2.  The  holes  in  a  cross-beam  through  which  the  stems 
of  the  stamps  in  a  stamp-mill  rise  and  fall.  3.  In  a  rolling-mill  a 
guide  is  a  wedge-shaped  piece  held  in  the  groove  of  a  roll  to  prevent 
the  sticking  of  the  bar  by  peeling  it  out  of  the  groove.  When  the 
guide  is  held  by  a  hanger  or  counter-weight  against  the  under  side 
of  the  roll,  it  is  called  a  hanging-guide. 


46         A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Guillotine.     A  machine  for  breaking  iron  with  a  falling  weight. 

Gullet.     An  opening  in  the  strata. 

Gun-metal.  An  alloy  of  copper  with  tin  or  zinc,  and  sometimes 
a  little  iron.  The  common  formula  is  nine  parts  copper  to  one  tin. 
Aich's  metal  and  some  other  gun-metals  contain  zinc  and  iron  but 
no  tin. 

Gunnies  or  Gunniss,  CORN.  The  vacant  space  left  where  the  lode 
has  been  removed. 

Hacienda,  SP.  Exchequer  ;  treasury ;  public  revenue ;  capital ; 
funds ;  wealth ;  landed  estate ;  establishment.  In  mining  it  is 
usually  applied  to  the  offices,  principal  buildings,  and  works  for 
reducing  the  ores. 

Hack.  1.  See  Pick.  2.  A  sharp  blade  on  a  long  handle  used 
for  cutting  billets  in  two. 

Hade,  DERB.     See  Underlay. 

Hcihner  furnace.  A  continuously-working  shaft  furnace  for 
roasting  quicksilver  ores.  The  fuel  is  charcoal,  charged  in  alter- 
nate layers  with  the, ore.  The  ValVAlta  furnace  is  a  modification, 
having  the  iron  tubes  of  the  Alberti. 

Hair-plate.     See  Bloomary. 

Half-marrow,  NEWC.  Young  boys,  of  whom  two  do  the  work  of 
one  putter. 

Halvans,  CORN.     Ores  much  mixed  with  impurities. 

Hammer-pick.     See  Poll-pick. 

Hanging-coal.  A  portion  of  the  coal-seam  which,  by  the  removal 
of  another  portion,  has  had  its  natural  support  removed,  as  in  holiuy. 

Hanging-guide.     See  Guide. 

Hanging-side,  or  Hanging-wall,  or  Hanger,  CORN.  The  wall  or 
side  over  the  vein. 

Hazel.     Freestone. 

Hard  head.  A  residual  alloy,  containing  much  iron  and  arsenic, 
.produced  in  the  refining  of  tin. 

Hard  lead.  Lead  containing  certain  impurities,  principally  anti- 
mony. 

Hasenclever  furnace.  A  roasting  furnace,  consisting  of  a  long  in- 
clined channel  (in  its  first  form,  a  succession  of  inclined  shelves  in  a 
shaft)  down  which  the  ore  slides  in  a  thin  sheet,  heated  from  below. 

Head-gear.  That  part  of  deep-boring  apparatus  which  remains 
at  the  surface. 

Head- house.     See  Gallows-frame. 

Heading.     1.  The  vein  above  a  drift.     See  Back.     2.  An  interior 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.         47 

level  or  air-way  driven  in  a  mine.  3.  In  long-wall  workings,  a 
narrow  passage  driven  upward  from  a  gangway  in  starting  a  work- 
ing in  order  to  give  a  loose  end. 

Headings.  In  ore-dressing,  the  heavier  portions  collecting  at  the 
upper  end  of  a  buddle  or  sluice,  as  opposed  to  the  tailings,  which 
escape  at  the  other  end,  and  the  middlings,  which  receive  further 
treatment. 

Head-piece.     See  Cap. 

Headsman,  NEWC.     See  Putter. 

Head-stocks.     See  Gallows-frame. 

Head-tree,  NEWC.     See  Cap. 

Headway,  NEWC.  See  Cross-heading.  The  headways  are  the 
second  set  of  excavations  in  post-and-stall  work. 

Heap,  NEWC.     The  refuse  at  the  pit's  mouth. 

Hearth.  1.  The  floor  or  sole  of  a  reverberatory.  2.  The  crucible 
of  a  blast  furnace. 

Hearth-ends.  Particles  of  unreduced  lead  ore  expelled  by  the  blast 
from  a  furnace. 

Heat.  One  operation  in  a  heating  furnace,  Bessemer  converter, 
puddling  furnace,  or  other  furnace  not  operating  continuously. 

Heating-furnace.  The  furnace  in  which  blooms  or  piles  are 
heated  before  hammering  or  rolling. 

Heave,  CORN.     A  horizontal  dislocation  of  a  vein  or  stratum. 

Helve.     A  lift-hammer  for  forging  blooms. 

Henderson  process.  The  treatment  of  copper  sulphide  ores  by 
roasting  with  salt,  to  form  chlorides,  which  are  then  leached  out  and 
precipitated.  Henderson  originally  proposed  to  volatilize  the  chlo- 
rides, and  the  leaching  and  precipitation  are  not  original  with  him. 
Longmaid  and  many  other  metallurgists  have  proposed  them  in 
various  modifications. 

Hercules  powder.     See  Explosives. 

Hewer,  NEWC.     The  man  who  cuts  the  coal. 

Hitch,  SCOT,  and  NEWC.  1.  A  minor  dislocation  of  a  vein  or 
stratum  not  exceeding  in  extent  the  thickness  of  the  vein  or  stratum. 
2.  A  hole  cut  in  the  side-rock,  when  this  is  solid  enough,  to  hold 
the  cap  of  a  set  of  timbers,  permitting  the  leg  to  be  dispensed  with. 

High  explosive.  An  explosive  or  detonating  compound  developing 
more  intense  and  instantaneous  force  than  gunpowder.  Most  high 
explosives  in  general  use  contain  nitroglycerin.  See  Explosives. 

Hog-back.  1 .  A  sharp  anticlinal,  decreasing  in  height  at  both  ends 
until  it  runs  out.  2.  A  ridge  produced  by  highly  tilted  strata. 


48         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Hogger-pipe.     The  upper  terminal  pipe  of  the  mining  pump. 

Hogger-pump.     The  topmost  pump  in  a  shaft. 

Holing.  1.  The  working  of  a  lower  part  of  a  bed  of  coal  for 
bringing  down  the  upper  mass.  2.  The  final  act  of  connecting  two 
workings  underground. 

Hollow-fire,  ENG.  A  kind  of  hearth  with  blast,  used  for  reheating 
the  stamps  produced  in  the  South  Welsh  process  of  fining,  or  the  bars 
of  blister-steel  in  the  manufacture  of  shear-steel. 

Hollway  process.  The  removal  of  sulphur  from  iron  and  copper 
sulphides  by  fusion  and  pneumatic  treatment,  analogous  to  the  manner 
in  which  carbon,  etc.,  are  removed  in  the  Bessemer  process. 

Homogeneous  metal.  A  variety  of  ingot-metal  produced  by  the 
open-hearth  process.  See  Steel. 

Hopper.  1.  A  trap  at  the  foot  of  a  shoot  for  regulating  the  con- 
tents of  a  wagon.  2.  A  place  of  deposit  for  coal  or  ore. 

Horn.     See  Spoon. 

Horse,  CORN.  1.  A  mass  of  country-rock  inclosed  in  an  ore-deposit. 
2.  See  Salamander. 

Horse-back,  NEWC.  A  portion  of  the  roof  or  floor  which  bulges 
or  intrudes  into  the  coal. 

Horse-flesh  ore,  CORN.     Bornite.     See  Copper-ores. 

Horse-gin.     Gearing  for  hoisting  by  horse-power. 

Hot-bed.  A  platform  in'a  rolling-mill  on  which  rolled  bars  lie  to 
cool. 

Hot-blast.     Air  forced  into  a  furnace  after  having  been  heated. 

Hotching,  NORTH  ENG.     See  Jigging. 

House  of  water,  CORN.     A  cavity  or  space  filled  with  water. 

Howell  furnace.     A  form  of  revolving  roasting  furnace. 

H-piece.  That  part  of  a  plunger-lift  in  which  the  valves  or  clacks 
are  fixed. 

Hudge.     An  iron  bucket  for  hoisting  ore  or  coal. 

Hulk.     See  Dzhu. 

Huel,  CONN.     See  Wheal. 

Hungry.  A  term  applied  to  hard  barren  vein-matter,  such  as 
white  quartz  (not  discolored  with  iron  oxide). 

Hunt  &  Douglas  process.  The  treatment  of  copper  oxide  (or 
roasted  sulphide)  ores  by  dissolving  the  oxides  of  copper  in  a  hot 
solution  of  protochloride  of  iron  and  common  salt.  From  the  solu- 
tion thus  obtained,  metallic  iron  precipitates  metallic  copper,  at  the 
same  time  regenerating  the  protochloride  of  iron  for  further  use. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.          49 

Hurdy-gurdy  wheel.  A  water-wheel  operated  by  the  direct  im- 
pact of  a  stream  upon  its  radially-placed  paddles. 

Hushing.  The  discovery  of  veins  by  the  accumulation  and  sudden 
discharge  of  water,  which  washes  away  the  surface  soil  and  lays  bare 
the  rock.  See  Booming. 

Hutch.  1,  SCOT.  A  low  car,  suited  both  to  run  in  a  level  and 
to  be  hoisted  on  a  cage.  2,  CORN.  A  cistern  or  box  for  washing 
ore.  See  Jig. 

Hydraulicking ,  PAC.  Washing  down  a  bank  of  earth  or  gravel 
by  the  use  of  pipes,  conveying  water  under  high  pressure. 

Idria  furnace.     See  Leopoldi  furnace. 

Impregnation.  An  ore-deposit  consisting  of  the  country-rock 
impregnated  with  ore,  usually  without  definite  boundaries. 

Inbye  or  Inbyeside,  NEWC.  Further  into  a  mine,  away  from  the 
shaft. 

Incline.  1.  A  shaft  not  vertical;  usually  on  the  dip  of  a  vein. 
See  Slope.  2.  A  plane,  not  necessarily  under  ground. 

Indicator.  1.  An  instrument  for  showing  at  any  moment  the 
position  of  the  cage  in  the  shaft.  2.  An  instrument  for  recording, 
by  a  diagram,  upon  a  card  the  varying  pressure  of  the  steam  in  the 
cylinder  of  a  steam-engine  during  the  stroke. 

Infiltration-theory.  The  theory  that  a  vein  was  filled  by  the  in- 
filtration of  mineral  solutions. 

Ingot.     A  cast  bar  or  block  of  metal. 

Injection-theory.  The  theory  that  a  vein  was  filled  first  with 
molten  mineral. 

In  place.  Of  rock,  occupying,  relative  to  surrounding  masses, 
the  position  that  it  had  when  formed. 

Inquartation.     See  Quartation. 

Intake.  The  passage  by  which  the  ventilating  current  enters  a 
mine.  See  Downcast,  which  is  more  appropriate  for  a  shaft;  Intake 
for  an  adit. 

Inwalls.     The  interior  walls  or  lining  of  a  shaft-furnace. 

Irestone  or  Ironstone,  CORN.     Greenstone. 

Irestone.     Hard  clay  slate;  hornstone;  hornblende. 

Iron.  The  principal  varieties  of  iron  are  wrought-iron  and  cast- 
iron  (see  Pig-iron).  Wrought-iron,  also  called  bar-iron  and  weld-iron, 
is  the  product  of  the  forge  or  the  puddling  furnace,  cast-iron  of  the 
blast  furnace.  The  former  approaches  pure  iron  ;  the  latter  is  an 
alloy  of  iron  and  carbon.  Steel  (except  some  of  the  so-called  "low" 

7 


50        A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

or  "mild"  steels,  which  are  more  nearly  wronght-iruo  fused  and 
cast)  stands  between  them,  having  less  carbon  than  cast-iron  and 
more  than  wrought-iron.  Some  of  the  carbon  in  cast-iron  is  usually 
segregated  during  cooling  in  the  form  of  graphite,  and  this  deter- 
mines the  grade  of  the  iron  as  No.  1  foundry  (the  most  graphitic, 
coarsely  crystalline,  soft  and  black),  No.  2  foundry  (less  open  in 
grain),  gray  forge  or  mill-iron  (still  closer  in  grain,  suitable  for 
puddling),  mottled  (spotted  with  white  iron),  and  white  (hard,  brittle, 
radially  crystalline,  containing  its  carbon  mostly  in  alloy  with  the 
iron,  and  showing  no  visible  graphite).  These  grades  are  also  called 
simply  No.  1,  2X  3,  etc.  So-called  silver-gray,  glazy,  or  carbonized 
iron  is  usually  an  iron  rendered  brittle  by  excess  of  silicon.  Ingot 
iron,  see  Steel.  Anthracite,  charcoal,  and  coke  iron  are  names  given 
to  pig-iron  according  to  the  fuel  with  which  it  is  made. 

Iron  hat.     See  Gossan. 

Iron-ores :  Magnetic  (magnetite,  protoperoxide),  specular  (hematite 
proper,  red  hematite,  anhydrous  peroxide),  brown  iron  ore  (hematite, 
brown  hematite,  limonite,  etc.,  hydrated  peroxides),  spathic  (siderite, 
carbonate),  clay-ironstone  (black  band,  argillaceous  siderite).  See 
Fossil  ore. 

Iron-reduction  process.     See  Precipitation  process. 

Ironstone.     1.  Iron-ore.     2.  See  Irestone. 

Jacket.  A  covering  to  prevent  radiation  of  heat,  as  the  jacket  of 
a  steam  boiler  ;  also,  a  casing  around  a  furnace  hearth  in  which  water 
is  allowed  to  stand  or  circulate  to  keep  the  walls  cool. 

Jackhead-pit.     A  small  shaft  sunk  within  a  mine. 

Jdckhead-pump.  A  subordinate  pump  in  the  bottom  of  a  shaft, 
worked  by  an  attachment  to  the  main  pump-rod. 

Jack-roll,  NEWC.     See  Windlass. 

Jadding  or  Judding.     See  Holing. 

Jagging.  A  mode  of  carrying  ore  to  the  reduction-works  in  hairs 
on  horses,  mules,  etc. 

Jars.  A  part  of  percussion-drilling  apparatus  for  deep  holes, 
which  is  placed  between  the  bit  and  the  rods  or  cable,  and  which  by 
producing  at  each  up-stroke  a  decided  jar  of  the  bit  jerks  it  up, 
though  it  may  be  tightly  wedged  in  the  hole. 

Jig-brow.     See  Jinny-road. 

Jig-chain.  S.  STAFF.  A  chain  hooked  to  the  back  of  a  >•/•//> 
and  running  round  a  post,  to  prevent  its  too  rapid  descent  on  an 
inclined  plane. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.         51 

Jigging,  CORN.  Separating  ores  according  to  specific  gravity  with 
a  sieve  agitated  up  and  down  in  water.  The  apparatus  is  called  a,  jig 
or  jigger. 

Jinny-road.     A  gravity  plane  underground. 

Joachimsthal  process.  The  extraction  of  silver  from  sulphuretted 
ores  by  converting  into  chloride,  leaching  with  sodium  hyposulphite, 
and  precipitating  the  silver  as  sulphide  with  sodium  sulphide. 

Jowl,  NEWC.  A  noise  made  for  a  signal  by  hammering  at  the 
faces  of  two  levels  expected  to  meet. 

Judge,  DERB.  and  NEWC.  A  measuring-stick  to  measure  coal- 
work  under  ground. 

Judd,  NEWC.  In  whole  working,  a  portion  of  the  coal  laid  out 
and  ready  for  extraction  ;  in  pillar-working  (i.  e.,  the  drawing  or  ex- 
traction of  pillars),  the  yet  unremoved  portion  of  a  pillar. 

Jugglers.  Timbers  set  obliquely  against  pillars  of  coal,  to  carry 
a  plank  partition,  making  a  triangular  air-passage  or  man-way. 

Jump.  1,  PAC.  To  take  possession  of  a  mining  claim  alleged  to 
have  been  forfeited  or  abandoned.  2.  A  dislocation  of  a  vein. 

Jumper,  CORN,  and  NEWC.  A  drill  or  boring  tool,  consisting  of 
a  bar,  which  is  "jumped"  up  and  down  in  the  bore-hole. 

Kann.     See  Cand. 

Kast  furnace.  A  small  circular  shaft  furnace  with  three  or  four 
tuyeres,  for  lead  smelting. 

Keclde-mecUe.     The  poorest  kind  of  lead  ore. 

Keeve.  1.  See  Cauf.  2.  A  tub  used  in  collecting  grains  of  heavy 
ore  or  metal  ;  a  dolly  tub. 

Kernel-roasting.     See  Roasting. 

Kevil,  DERB.  A  veinstone,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  carbonate 
of  lime  and  other  minerals. 

Kibbal  or  Kibble,  CORN,  and  WALES.  An  iron/bucket  for  raising 
ore. 

Kicker.  Ground  left  in  first  cutting  a  vein,  for  support  of  its 
sides. 

Kieve,  CORN.     A  tub  for  tozing  tin-ore. 

Killas,  CORN.     Clay-slate. 

Kiln.  A  furnace  for  the  calcination  of  coarsely  broken  ore  or 
stone ;  also,  an  oven  for  drying,  charring,  etc. 

Kind's  plug.  A  wooden  plug  attached  to  an  iron  rod,  used  in 
connection  with  sand  for  recovering  tubing  from  bore-holes. 


OZ        A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

King-pot.  The  large  central  pot  or  crucible  in  a  brass-melting 
furnace. 

King's  yellow.     Sulphide  of  arsenic. 

Kirving,  NEWC.  The  cutting  made  at  the  bottom  of  the  coal  by 
the  hewet\ 

Kish.  The  blast- furnacemen's  name  for  the  graphite-segrega- 
tions seen  in  pig-iron  and  in  the  cinder  of  a  furnace  making  a  very 
gray  iron. 

Kit.     A  wooden  vessel. 

Kitchen.     See  Laboratory  (2). 

Knits  or  Knots.     Small  particles  of  ore.- 

Knobbling-fire.     A  bloomary  for  refining  cast-iron. 

Knockings.     See  Riddle. 

Knox  &  Osborne  furnace.  A  continuously  working  shaft-furnace 
for  roasting  quicksilver  ores,  having  the  fireplace  built  in  the  ma- 
sonry at  one  side.  The  fuel  is  wood. 

Knots.     Small  particles  of  ore. 

'  Krb'hnke  process.     The  treatment  of  silver  ores   preparatory   to 
amalgamation,  by  humid  chloridization  with  copper  dichloride. 

Krupp  washing  process.  The  removal  of  silicon  and  phosphorus 
from  molten  pig  iron  by  running  it  into  a  Pernot  furnace^  lined 
with  iron  oxides.  Iron  ore  may  also  be  added,  and  the  bath  is 
agitated  by  rotation  for  five  to  eight  minutes  only.  See  Betf*  de- 
phosphorizing process. 

Labor,  SP.  Labor  ;  work ;  a  working.  This  term  is  applied  in 
mining  to  the  work  which  is  actually  going  on,  and  to  the  spaces 
which  have  been  dug  out.  It  includes  galleries,  cavities,  and  shafts. 

Laboratory.  1.  A  place  fitted  up  for  chemical  analysis,  etc. 
2.  The  space  between  the  fire  and  flue- bridges  of  a  reverberator^ 
furnace  in  which  the  work  is  performed  ;  also  called  the  kitchen  and 
the  hearth. 

Ladle.  A  vessel  into  which  molten  metal  is  conveyed  from  the 
furnace  or  crucible,  and  from  which  it  is  poured  into  the  moulds. 

Lagging.  Planks,  slabs,  or  small  timber  placed  over  the  caps  or 
behind  the  posts  of  the  timbering,  not  to  carry  the  main  weight,  but 
to  form  a  ceiling  or  a  wall,  preventing  fragments  of  rock  from  fall- 
ing through. 

Lame-skirting,  NEWC.  Widening  a  passage  by  cutting  coal  from 
the  side  of  it. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.         53 

Lander,  CORN.  The  man  at  the  shaft-mouth  who  receives  the 
kibble. 

Landry-box,  NEWC.  A  box  at  the  top  of  a  set  of  pumps  into 
which  the  water  is  delivered. 

Lath  door-set.  A  weak  lath-frame  surrounding  a  main  door- 
frame, the  space  between  being  for  the  insertion  of  spills. 

Lath-frame  or  crib.  A  weak  lath-frame,  surrounding  a  main 
crib,  the  space  between  being  for  the  insertion  of  piles. 

Laths,  CORN.     The  boards  or  lagging  put  behind  the  durns. 

^aunder,  CORN.     A  wooden  trough,  gutter  or  sluice. 

Lazadores,  SP.     Persons  employed  to  collect  workmen  for  a  mine. 

Lazyback,  S.  STAFF.  The  place  at  the  surface  where  coal  is  stacked 
for  sale. 

Leaching.     See  Lixiviation. 

Lead  (pronounced  like  the  verb  to  lead),  PAC.     See  Lode. 

Lead-fume.  The  fumes  escaping  from  lead  furnaces,  and  contain- 
ing both  volatilized  and  mechanically  suspended  metalliferous  com- 
pounds. 

Leader,  CORN.     A  small  vein  leading  to  a  larger  one. 

Lead-ores.  Galena  (galenite,  sulphide);  antimonial  lead-ore  (bour- 
nonite,  sulphantimonide  of  lead  and  copper);  white  lead-ore  (cerus- 
site,  carbonate);  green  lead-ore  (pyromorphite,  the  phosphate,  or 
mimetite  or  mimetesite,  the  arseno-chloride) ;  lead-vitriol  (anglesite, 
sulphate) ;  yellow  lead-ore  (i.vulfenite,  molybdate) ;  red  lead-ore 
(crocoite,  chromate). 

Lead-spar,  CORN.   Anglesite.    See  Lead-ores. 

Leap,  DERB.     A  fault.     See  Jump. 

Leat,  CORN.     A  watercourse. 

Leath.     Applied  to  the  soft  part  of  a  vein. 

Leavings,  CORN.    The  ores  left  after  the  crop  has  been  removed. 

Ledge,  PAC.     See  Lode. 

Ledger-wall.    See  Foot-wall. 

Leg.  A  prop  of  timber  supporting  the  end  of  a  stull,  or  the  cap 
of  a  set  of  timber. 

Leopold  i  furnace.  A  furnace  for  roasting  quicksilver  ores,  differ- 
ing from  the  Bustamente  in  having  a  series  of  brick  condensing  cham- 
bers. Both  are  intermittent,  i  e.,  have  to  be  charged  and  fired 
anew  after  each  operation.  The  California  intermittent  furnace  is  a 
modification  of  the  Leopoldi,  having  the  fireplace  on  the  side. 

Level.  A  horizontal  passage  or  drift  into  or  in  a  mine.  It  is  cus- 
tomary to  work  mines  by  levels  at  regular  intervals  in  depth,  num- 


54         A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

bered  in   their  order  below  the  adit  or  drainage  level,  if  there  be 
one. 

Lewis.  An  iron  instrument  for  raising  heavy  blocks  of  stone. 

Ley,  SP.  Proportion  of  metal  in  the  ore;  fineness  of  bullion; 
also,  an  alloy  or  base  metal. 

Lid.  Aflat  piece  of  wood  placed  between  the  end  of  a  j>r<>jt  or 
stempel  and  the  rock. 

Lifters,  CORN.  The  wooden  beams  used  as  stem*  for  stamps  in  old- 
fashioned  stamp-mills. 

Lift-hammer.    See  Tilt-hammer. 

Lifting-dog.  A  claw-hook  for  grasping  a  column  of  bore-rods 
while  raising  or  lowering  them. 

Lignite.    See  Coal. 

Limp.  An  instrument  for  striking  the  refuse  from  the  sieve  in 
washing  ores. 

Lining,  NEWC.    See  Dialling. 

Linnets,  DERB.    Oxidized  lead-ores. 

Liquation.     See  Eliquation. 

Litharge.     Protoxide  of  lead. 

Lithofracteur.    See  Explosives. 

Little  Giant.     A  jointed  iron  nozzle  used  in  hydraulic  mining. 

Lixiviation.  The  separation  of  a  soluble  from  an  insoluble  mate- 
rial by  means  of  washing  with  a  solvent. 

Location.  1.  The  act  of  fixing  the  boundaries  of  a  mining  claim, 
according  to  law.  2.  The  claim  itself. 

Loam,.   An  impure  potter's  clay,  containing  mica  or  iron  ochre. 

Loch,  DERB.  and  WALES.   See  Vug. 

Lock-timber.  An  old  plan  of  putting  in  stull-pieces  in  Cornwall 
and  Devon.  The  pieces  were  called  lock-pieces. 

Lode,  CORN.  Strictly  a  fissure  in  the  country-rock  filled  with  min- 
eral;  usually  applied  to  metalliferous  lodes.  In  general  miner's 
usage,  a  lode,  vein,  or  ledge  is  a  tabular  deposit  of  valuable  mineral 
between  definite  boundaries.  Whether  it  be  a  fissure  formation  or 
not  is  not  always  known,  and  does  not  affect  the  legal  title  under  the 
United  States  federal  and  local  statutes  and  customs  relative  to  lodes. 
But  it  must  not  be  a  placer,  /.  <>.,  it  must  consist  of  quartz  or  other 
rock  in  place,  and  bearing  valuable  mineral. 

Lodge,  WALES.    See  Plait, 

Log,  S.  STAFF.  A  balance- weight  near  the  end  of  the  hoisting- 
rope  of  a  shaft  to  prevent  its  running  back  over  the  pulley. 

Longmaid  process.    See  Henderson  process. 

Long  torn,  PAC.     A  kind  of  gold-washing  cradle. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.         55 

Long-wall.  A  method  of  coal  mining  by  which  the  whole  seam  is 
taken  out  as  the  working  faces  progress,  and  the  roof  is  allowed  to 
fall  behind  the  workers,  except  where  passages  must  be  kept  open, 
or  where  the  gob  being  packed  in  the  space  formerly  occupied  by  the 
coal,  prevents  caving.  According  as  the  work  of  extraction  begins 
at  the  boundary  of  the  winning t  and  converges  back  to  the  shaft,  or 
begins  with  the  coal  nearest  the  shaft  and  proceeds  outward  to  the 
boundaries,  it  is  called  long-wall  retreating  or  long-watt  advancing. 

Loob  or  loobs,  CORN.  The  clayey  or  slimy  portion  washed  out  of 
tin-ore  in  dressing. 

Loop.     See  Loup. 

Loop-drag.  An  eye  at  the  end  of  a  rod  through  which  tow  is 
passed  for  cleaning  bore-holes. 

Loose-end.  A  gangway  in  long-wall  working,  driven  so  that  one 
side  is  solid  ground  while  the  other  opens  upon  old  workings.  See 
Fast-end. 

Lorry.     A  hand-car  used  on  mine  tramways. 

Lost  level,  CORN.  "Level"  is  "lost"  when  a  gallery  has  been 
driven  with  an  unnecessarily  great  departure  from  the  horizontal. 

Loup.  The  pasty  mass  of  iron  produced  in  a  bloomary  or  pud- 
dling furnace.  See  Puddle-ball. 

Lowe,  NEWC.    A  light.     A  "  piece  of  lowe  "  is  part  of  a  candle. 

Luckhart  furnace.  A  continuously  working  shaft-furnace  for  roast- 
ing quicksilver  ores,  having  the  fireplace  in  the  shaft  at  the  bottom, 
protected  by  a  cast-iron  roof.  The  fuel  is  wood. 

Lum.     A  chimney  over  an  upcast  pit. 

Limp-coal,  PENN.    See  Coal. 

Liirmann  front.  An  arrangement  of  water-cooled  castings  through 
which  iron  and  cinder  are  tapped  from  the  blast  furnace,  thus  avoid- 
ing the  use  of  a  forehearth.  See  Closed  front. 

Lying-wall.    See  Foot-wall. 

Machine-whim.     A  rotary  steam-engine  for  winding. 

Magistral,  SP.  A  powder  of  roasted  copper  pyrites,  used  in  the 
amalgamation  of  silver  ores. 

Main-rod,  CORN.    See  Pump-rod. 

Mcdnway.   A  gangway  or  principal  passage. 

Makings,  NEWC.    The  small  coals  hewn  out  in  Mrving. 

Malleable  castings.  Small  iron  castings  made  malleable  by  "an- 
nealing "  or  decarburizing  by  cementation  in  powdered  hematite 
or  other  oxide  of  iron. 


56        A    GLOSSARY   OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Mallet,  CORN.  The  sledge-hammer  used  for  striking  or  beating  the 
borer. 

Mandril.    See  Mau/ndril, 

Manganese-ores.  Gray  oxide  (pyrolmite,polianite,  anhydrous  per- 
oxide, and  manganite,  hydrated  sesquioxide) ;  black  manganese  (haus- 
mannite,  protoperoxide)  ;  braunite  (anhydrous  sesquioxide) ;  red 
manganese  ore  (rhodochrosite,  a  carbonate,  or  rhodonite,  a  silicate) ; 
also,  manganiferous  iron  ores. 

Man-hole,  CORN.  The  hole  in  a  sollar  through  which  men  pass 
upon  the  ladder  or  from  one  ladder  to  the  next. 

Man-machine  or  Man-engine,  CORN  and  DERB.  A  mechanical  lift 
for  lowering  and  raising  miners  in  a  shaft  by  means  of  a  recipro- 
cating vertical  rod  of  heavy  timber  with  platforms  at  intervals,  or 
of  two  such  rods,  moving  in  opposite  directions.  In  the  former 
case,  stationary  platforms  are  placed  in  the  shaft,  so  that  the  miner 
in  descending,  for  instance,  can  step  from  the  moving  platform  at 
the  end  of  the  down-stroke,  and  step  back  upon  the  next  platform 
below  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  down-stroke.  When  two  rods 
are  employed,  the  miner  steps  from  the  platform  on  one  rod  to  that 
on  the  other. 

Man-of-war,  STAFF.  A  small  pillar  of  coal  left  in  a  critical  spot ; 
also,  a  principal  support  in  thick  coal  workings. 

Mania,  SP.     Blanket;  sack  of  ore. 

Mantle.  The  outer  wall  and  casing  of  an  iron  blastfurnace,  above 
the  hearth. 

Manway.  A  small  passage,  used  by  workmen  but  not  for  trans- 
portation. 

Maquilla,  SP.     A  mill  where  ore  is  ground  on  shares. 

Marl.  Calcareous  clay,  sometimes  used  for  the  hearths  of  cupel- 
ling-furnaces. 

Martin  process.  Called  also  the  Siemens- Mar  tin  and  the  open- 
hearth  process.  See  Steel. 

Mass-copper,  LAKE  SUP.  Native  copper,  occurring  in  large 
masses. 

Massicot.     See  Litharge. 

Matrix.  The  rock  or  earthy  material  containing  a  mineral  or 
metallic  ore ;  the  gangue. 

Matt,  or  Matte,  FR.  A  mass  consisting  chiefly  of  metallic  sulphides 
got  in  the  fusion  of  ores. 

Maul,  DERB.    A  large  hammer  or  mallet. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.         57 

Maundril,  DERB.  and  S.  WALES.  A  prying  pick  with  two 
prongs. 

Mear.    DERB.   Thirty-two  yards  of  ground  measured  on  the  vein. 

Measures.     Strata  of  coal,  or  the  formation  containing  coal  beds. 

Meat-earth.     The  vegetable  mould. 

Meetings,  NEWC.  The  place  at  middle-depth  of  a  shaft,  slope,  or 
plane,  where  ascending  and  descend  ing  cars  pass  each  other. 

Merced,  SP.  A  gift.  This  term  is  applied  to  a  grant  which  is 
made  without  any  valuable  consideration. 

Merchant-iron.    See  Mill. 

Merchant-train.  A  train  of  rolls  for  reducing  iron  piles  or  steel 
ingots,  blooms,  or  billets  to  bars  of  any  of  the  various  round,  square, 
flat,  or  other  shapes,  known  as  merchant  iron  or  steel. 

Mercury-ores.     Native  mercury ;  cinnabar  (sulphide). 

Merrit-plate.    See  Bloomary. 

Metal,  SP.  1.  This  term  is  applied  both  to  the  ore  and  to  the  metal 
extracted  from  it.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  vein,  and  even  for  a  mine 
itself.  Metal  en  piedra,  ore  in  the  rough  state.  Metal  or dinar io,  com- 
mon ore.  Metal  pepena,  selected  ore.  Metal  de  ayuda,  ore  used  to 
assist  the  smelting  of  other  ores.  2.  Copper  regulus  or  matt  obtained 
in  the  English  process.  The  following  varieties  are  distinguished  by 
appearance  and  by  their  percentage  of  copper  (here  given  in  approxi- 
mate figures) :  Coarse,  20  to  40 ;  red,  48  ;  blue,  60  ;  sparkle,  74 ;  white, 
11 ;  pimple,  79.  Fine  metal  includes  the  latter  four  varieties.  Hard 
metal  is  impure  copper  containing  a  large  amount  of  tin.  3.  SCOT. 
All  the  rocks  met  with  in  mining  ore.  4.  Road  metal,  rock  used  in 
macadamizing  roads. 

Metal-notch.    See  Tap-hole. 

Mica-powder.    See  Explosives. 

Mill.  1,  ENG.  That  part  of- an  iron  works  where  puddle-bars  are 
converted  into  merchant-iron,  i.  e.,  rolled  iron  ready  for  sale  in  bars, 
rods,  or  sheets.  See  Forge.  2.  By  common  usage,  any  establishment 
for  reducing  ores  by  other  means  than  smelting.  More  strictly,  a 
place  or  a  machine  in  which  ore  or  rock  is  crushed.  3.  An  excava- 
tion made  in  the  country  rock,  by  a  cross-cut  from  the  workings  on 
a  vein,  to  obtain  waste  for  gobbing.  It  is  left  without  timber  so  that 
the  roof  may  fall  in  and  furnish  the  required  rock.  4.  CORN.  A 
passage  through  which  ore  is  shot  underground.  See  Pass  and 
Shoot. 

Mill-cinder.  The  slag  from  the  pudcl ling-furnaces  of  a  rolling- 
mill. 

8 


58         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Mill-run,  PAC.  1.  The  work  of  an  amalgamating  mill  between 
two  clean-ups.  2.  A  test  of  a  given  quantity  of  ore  by  actual  treat- 
ment in  a  mill. 

Mine.  1.  In  general,  any  excavation  for  minerals.  More  strictly, 
subterranean  workings,  as  distinguished  from  quarries,  placer  and 
hydraulic  mines,  and  surface  or  open  works.  The  distinction  between 
the  French  terms  mine  and  miniere  results  entirely  from  the  law,  and 
depends  upon  the  depth  of  the  working.  The  former  is  the  more 
general  term,  and,  ordinarily  speaking,  includes  the  latter,  which 
signifies  shallow  or  surface  workings.  2.  In  a  military  sense,  a  mine 
is  a  subterranean  gallery  run  under  an  enemy's  works,  to  be  subse- 
quently exploded. 

Mine-pig,  ENQ.  See  Pig-iron. 

Miner,  PENN.  The  workman  who  cuts  the  coal,  as  distinguished 
from  the  laborer  who  loads  the  wagons,  etc. 

Mineral.     In  miners'  parlance,  ore. 

Mineral  caoutchouc.     Elastic  bitumen. 

Mineral  charcoal.  A  pulverulent,  lustreless  substance,  showing  dis- 
tinct vegetable  structure,  and  containing  a  high  percentage  of  carbon 
with  little  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  occurring  in  thin  layers  in  bitu- 
minous coal. 

Mineralized.   Charged  or  impregnated  with  metalliferous  mineral. 

Mineral  oil  or  Naphtha.  A  limpid  or  yellowish  liquid,  lighter 
than  water,  and  consisting  of  hydrocarbons.  Petroleum  is  heavier 
than  naphtha,  and  dark  greenish  in  color  when  crude.  Both  exude 
from  the  rocks;  but  naphtha  can  be  distilled  from  petroleum. 

Mineral  pitch.     Asphaltum. 

Mineral  right.  The  ownership  of  the  minerals  under  a  given  sur- 
face, with  the  right  to  enter  thereon,  mine,  and  remove  them.  It 
may  be  separated  from  the  surface  ownership,  but,  if  not  so  sepa- 
rated by  distinct  conveyance,  the  latter  includes  it. 

Mineral  wool.     See  Slag-wool. 

Mine-rent.  The  rent  or  royalty  paid  to  the  owner  of  a  mineral 
right  by  the  operator  of  the  mine — usually  dependent,  above  a  fixed 
minimum,  upon  the  quantity  of  product. 

Mineria,  SP.  Mining.  This  term  embraces  the  whole  subject, 
including  both  mines  and  miners,  and  also  the  operations  of  work- 
ing mines  and  of  reducing  their  ores.  It,  however,  is  often  used  in 
a  more  restricted  sense. 

Minero,  SP.  Miner.  This  term  is  not  limited  to  those  who  work 
mines,  but  includes  their  owners,  and  all  who  have  the  qualifications 


A    GLOSSARY   OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          59 

prescribed  in  the  ordinances,  and  are  enrolled  as  members  of  the 
body  or  craft.  Many  of  the  laborers  who  work  in  mines  are  not, 
technically  speaking,  miners.  This  term  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
old  laws  for  mine. 

Miners'  inch,  PAC.  A  local  unit  for  the  measurement  of  water 
supplied  to  hydraulic  miners.  It  is  the  amount  of  water  flowing 
under  a  certain  head  through  one  square  inch  of  the  total  section  of 
a  certain  opening,  for  a  certain  number  of  hours  daily.  All  these 
conditions  vary  at  different  localities.  At  Smartsville,  Cal.,  the 
discharge  opening  is  a  horizontal  slit,  4  inches  wide,  in  a  2-inch 
plank,  with  the  standing  head  of  water  in  the  feed-box  9  inches 
above  the  middle  of  the  slit.  Each  square  inch  of  this  opening  will 
discharge  1.76  cubic  feet  per  minute.  A  miners'  inch  in  use  in  El- 
dorado County,  Cal,  discharges  1.39  cubic  feet  per  minute.  At 
North  Bloomfield,  Cal.,  and  other  places,  the  discharge  is  50  inches 
long  by  2  wide  (giving  100  miners'  inches)  through  a  3-inch  plank, 
with  the  water  7  inches  above  the  centre  of  the  opening.  Each  inch 
is  1.50  to  1.57  cubic  feet  per  minute  in  practice,  or  59.05  to  61.6 
per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  discharge.  These  figures  are  taken  from 
the  paper  of  A.  J.  Bowie,  Jr.,  on  "  Hydraulic  Mining  in  California," 
Trans.  Am.  Inst.  M.  E.,  vol.  vi,  p.  59. 

Mineta,  SP.     A  little  mine;  a  chamber,  or  cavity. 

Minium.     Protosesquioxide  of  lead. 

Mispickel,  GERM.     Arsenical  pyrites. 

Mistress,  NEWC.     A  lantern  used  in  coal-mines. 

Mobby,  S.  STAFF.  A  leathern  girdle,  with  small  chain  attached, 
used  by  the  boys  who  draw  bowkes. 

Mock-lead,  CORN.     Zincblende. 

Moil  or  Moyle,  CORN.     A  drill  pointed  like  a  gad. 

Monkey-drift.     A  small  prospecting  drift. 

Monitor,  PAC.     A  kind  of  nozzle  used  in  hydraulicking. 

Monnier  process.  The  treatment  of  copper  sulphide  ores  by  roast- 
ing with  sodium  sulphate,  and  subsequent  lixiviation  and  precipi- 
tation. 

Monoclinal.  Applied  to  any  limited  portion  of  the  earth's  crust 
throughout  which  the  strata  dip  in  the  same  direction. 

Montefiore  furnace.  A  peculiar  furnace  in  which  zinc-dust  is  com- 
pressed at  a  high  temperature. 

Moorstone,  CORN.  Loose  masses  of  granite  found  on  Cornish 
moors. 


60        A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

More,  CORN.  A  quantity  of  ore  in  a  particular  part  of  a  lode,  as 
a  more  of  tin. 

Mortar.  1.  A  heavy  iron  vessel,  in  which  rock  is  crushed  by  hand 
with  a  pestle,  for  sampling  or  assaying.  2.  The  receptacle  beneath  the 
stamps  in  a  stamp  mill,  in  which  the  dies  are  placed,  and  into  which 
the  rock  is  fed  to  be  crushed. 

Mosaic  gold.     Bisulphide  of  tin. 

Mote.     See  Squib. 

Mothergate,  NEWC.     The  main  passage  in  a  district  of  workings. 

Mottled.     See  Iron. 

Mouth.     The  end  of  a  shaft  or  adit  emerging  at  the  surface. 

Mountain  limestone.  The  English  designation  of  a  limestone  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  carboniferous  age;  called  also  subcarboniferous 
limestone. 

Muck-bar.     Bar-iron  which  has  passed  once  through  the  rolh. 

Mucks,  S.  STAFF.     See  Smut. 

Muffle.  A  semi-cylindrical  or  long  arched  oven  (usually  small 
and  made  of  fire-clay),  heated  from  outside,  in  which  substances  may 
be  exposed  at  high  temperature  to  an  oxidizing  atmospheric  cur- 
rent, and  kept  at  the  same  time  from  contact  with  the  gases  from 
the  fuel.  Cupellation  and  scarification  assays  are  performed  in  muffles, 
and  on  a  larger  scale  copper  ores  were  formerly  roasted  in  muffle- 
furnaces. 

Mailer.  The  stone  or  iron  in  an  arrastre,  or  grinding  or  amal- 
gamating pan,  which  is  dragged  around  on  the  bed  to  grind  and 
mix  the  ore-bearing  rock. 

Mun,  CORN.     Any  fusible  metal. 

Mundic,  CORN.     Iron  pyrites.     White  mundic  is  mispickel. 

'Narrow  work.  The  driving  of  gangways  or  airways ;  also,  any 
dead  work. 

Nasmyth  hammer.  A  steam-hammer,  having  the  head  attached  to 
the  piston-rod,  and  operated  by  the  direct  force  of  the  steam. 

Native.  Occurring  in  nature;  not  artificially  formed.  Usually 
applied  to  the  metals* 

Nays,  CORN.     See  Nogs. 

Needle  or  Nail,  CORN.  A  copper  or  copper-pointed  implement, 
placed  in  a  bore-hole  during  charging,  to  make,  by  its  withdrawal, 
an  aperture  for  the  insertion  of  the  rush  or  train. 

Negrillo,  SP.     A  silver-ore;  black  sulphuret of  silver. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.          61 

Neptune  powder.     See  Explosives. 

Neutral.  Of  slags,  neither  acid  nor  basic  ;  of  wrought-irons, 
neither  red-short  nor  void- short ;  of  iron-ores,  suitable  for  the  produc- 
tion of  neutral  irons. 

Niccoliferous  or  Nickeliferous.     Containing  nickel. 

Nickel  ores.  Copper-nickel  (niccolite,  arsenide  of  nickel);  antimo- 
nial  nickel  (breithauptite,  antimonide) ;  white  nickel  (rammelsbergite, 
binarsenide);  nickel  pyrites  (pentlandite,  sulphide  of  nickel  and  iron, 
millerite,  sulphide) ;  nickeliferous  gray  antimony  (ullmannite,  arsenan- 
timonide);  nickeliferous  serpentine  (refdanskite,  hydrous  magnesian 
silicate);  also,  niccoliferous  ores  of  copper,  cobalt,  manganese,  etc. 

Nicking,  NEWC.  The  cutting  made  by  the  hewer  at  the  side  of 
the  face.  Nickings  is  the  small  coal  produced  in  making  the  nicking. 

Nicking-trunk.     A  tub  in  which  metalliferous  slimes  are  washed. 

Nip,  NEWC.     1.  A  crush  of  pillars  or  workings.     2.  See  Pinch. 

Nipping-fork.  A  tool  for  supporting  a  column  of  bore-rods  while 
raising  or  lowering  them. 

Nitroglycerin.     See  Explosives. 

Nittings.     The  refuse  of  good  ore. 

Noble  metals.  The  metals  which  have  so  little  affinity  for  oxygen 
(i.  e.,  are  so  highly  electronegative)  that  their  oxides  are  reduced  by 
the  mere  application  of  heat  without  a  reagent;  in  other  words,  the 
metals  least  liable  to  oxidation  under  ordinary  conditions.  The  list 
includes  gold,  silver,  mercury,  and  the  platinum  group  (including 
palladium,  iridium,  rhodium,  ruthenium,  and  osmium).  The  term 
is  of  alchemistic  origin. 

Noddle  or  Nodule.     A  small  rounded  mass. 

Noger.     A  jumper  drill. 

Nogs,  DERB.  and  CORN.  Square  blocks  or  logs  of  wood,  piled  on 
one  another  to  support  a  mine  roof. 

Nose.  An  accumulation  of  chilled  material  around  the  inner  end 
of  a  tuyere  in  a  smelting  shaft-furnace,  protecting  and  prolonging 
the  tuyere. 

Nose-helve,  ENG.     See  Frontal  hammer. 

Nuts.     Small  coal.         » 

Occlusion.  The  mechanical  retention  of  gases  in  the  pores  of 
solids. 

Ochre.  A  term  applied  to  metallic  oxides  occurring  in  an  earthy, 
pulverulent  condition,  as  iron  ochre,  molybdic  ochre. 


62         A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Oil-well.  A  dug  or  bored  well,  from  which  petroleum  is  obtained 
by  pumping  or  by  natural  flow. 

Old  man.     Ancient  workings  ;  goares. 

Old  men.  The  persons  who  worked  a  mine  at  any  former  period 
of  which  no  record  remains. 

Open  cast,  SCOT.     See  Open  cut. 

Open-crib  timbering.  Shaft  timbering  with  cribs  alone,  placed  at 
intervals. 

Open  cut.     A  surface- working,  open  to  daylight. 

Open-front.  The  arrangement  of  a  blast  furnace  with  a  fore- 
hearth. 

Open-hearth.     See  Reverberatory  furnace. 

Openings.  The  parts  of  coal  mines  between  the  pillars,  or  the 
pillars  and  ribs. 

Opens.     Large  caverns. 

Open-sand  castings.  Castings  made  in  moulds  simply  excavated 
in  sand,  without ^Zodbs. 

Open-work.     A  quarry  or  open  cut. 

Operator,  PENN.  The  person,  whether  proprietor  or  lessee,  actu- 
ally operating  a  colliery. 

Ore.  1.  A  natural  mineral  compound,  of  the  elements  of  which 
one  at  least  is  a  metal.  The  term  is  applied  more  loosely  to  all 
metalliferous  rock,  though  it  contain  the  metals  in  a  free  state,  and 
occasionally  to  the  compounds  of  non-metallic  substances,  as  sulphur 
ore.  2.  CORN.  Copper-ore;  tin-ore  being  spoken  of  in  Cornwall 
as  tin. 

Ore-hearth.     See  Scotch  hearth. 

Ore-washer.  A  machine  for  washing  clay  and  earths  out  of 
earthy  brown-hematite  ores. 

Orpiment.     Sesquisulphide  of  arsenic. 

Outbye  or  Outbyeside,  NEWC.  Nearer  to  the  shaft, *and  hence 
further  from  the  forewinning. 

Outcrop.  The  portion  of  a  vein  or  stratum  emerging  at  the  sur- 
face, or  appearing  immediately  under  the  soil  and  surface-r/<?6n's. 

Outlet.  The  passage  by  which  the  ventilating  current  goes  out  of 
a  mine.  See  Upcast. 

Output.     The  product  of  a  mine. 

Oval  groove.     A  groove  of  U-section  in  a  roll. 

Overburden.  1.  CORN.  See  Burden  (1).  2.  To  charge  in  a 
furnace  too  much  ore  and  flux  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  fuel. 
3.  The  waste  which  overlies  the  good  stone  in  a  quarry. 


A    GLOSSARY   OP   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL,   TERMS.        63 

Overman,  ENG.  The  mining  official  next  in  rank  below  the 
manager,  who  is  next  below  the  agent. 

Overpoled  copper.  Copper  from  which  all  the  suboxide  has  been 
removed  by  poling. 

Oxidation.     A  chemical  union  with  oxygen. 

Pack.     A  wall  or  pillar  built  of  gob  to  support  the  roof. 

Pair  or  Pare,  CORN.     Two  or  more  miners  working  in  common. 

Pan.  1.  See  Panning.  2.  A  cylindrical  vat  of  iron,  stone,  or 
wood,  or  these  combined,  in  which  ore  is  ground  with  mutters  and 
amalgamated.  See  Amalgamation. 

Pane.     The  striking-face  of  a  hammer. 

Panel.  1.  A  heap  of  dressed  ore.  2.  A  system  of  coal-extrac- 
tion in  which  the  ground  is  laid  off  in  separate  districts  or  panels, 
pillars  of  extra  size  being  left  between. 

Panning,  AUST.  and  PAC.  Washing  earth  or  crushed  rock  in  a 
pan,  by  agitation  with  water,  to  obtain  the  particles  of  greatest  spe- 
cific gravity  which  it  contains  (chiefly  practiced  for  gold,  also  for 
quicksilver,  diamonds,  and  other  gems). 

Parachute.  1.  A  kind  of  safety-catch  for  shaft  cages.  2.  In  rod- 
boring,  a  cage  with  a  leather  cover  to  prevent  a  too  rapid  fall  of  the 
rods  in  case  of  accident. 

Parcel,  CORN.     A  heap  of  dressed  ore  ready  for  sale. 

Parkes  pr6cess.  The  desilverization  of  lead  by  treatment  with 
zinc. 

Parrot  coal,  SCOT.     See  Coal. 

Parting.  I.  A  small  joint  in  coal  or  rock,  or  a  layer  of  rock  in 
a  coal  seam.  2.  The  separation  of  two  metals  in  an  alloy,  especially 
the  separation  of  gold  and  silver  by  means  of  nitric  or  sulphuric 
acid. 

Parting-sand.  Fine  dry  sand,  which  is  sifted  over  the  partings 
in  a  mould  to  facilitate  their  separation  when  the  flask  is  opened. 

Pass,  CORN.  1.  An  opening  in  a  mine  through  which  ore  is  shot 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  level.  See  Shoot.  2.  In  rolling  mills  the 
passage  of  the  bar  between  the  rolls.  When  the  bar  passes  "on  the 
flat"  it  is  called  a  flatting -pass ;  if  "on  the  edge/'  an  edging-pass. 

Patent  fuel,  ENG.  The  fuel  produced  by  the  agglomeration  of 
coal-slack  into  lumps. 

Patera  process.     See  Joachimsthal  process. 

Patio,  SP.     The  yard  where  the  ores  are  cleaned  and  assorted ; 


64          A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

also,  the  amalgamation  floor,  or  the  Spanish  process  itself  of  amal- 
gamating silver  ores  on  an  open  floor. 

Pattinson  process.  A  process  in  which  lead  containing  silver  is 
passed  through  a  series  of  melting-kettles,  in  each  of  which  crystals 
of  a  poorer  alloy  are  deposited,  while  the  fluid  bath,  ladled  from  one 
kettle  to  the  next,  is  proportionately  richer  in  silver.  In  mechanical 
pattinsonation  the  operation  is  performed  in  a  cylindrical  vessel,  in 
which  the  hath  is  stirred  mechanically,  and  from  which,  as  the  richer 
alloy  crystallizes,  the  poorer  liquid  is  repeatedly  drained  out.  Steam 
pattinsonation  is  a  variety  of  the  Pattinson  process,  in  which  steam  is 
conducted  through  the  lead  bath  to  assist  the  refining. 

Pavement.     The  floor  of  a  mine. 

Pay-streak.  The  zone  in  a  vein  which  carries  the  profitable  or 
pay  ore. 

Peachy  CORN.     Chlorite. 

Pea-coal^  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Percussion-table.  An  inclined  table,  agitated  by  a  series  of  shocks, 
and  operating  at  the  same  time  like  a  buddle.  It  may  be  made  self- 
discharging  and  continuous  by  substituting  for  the  table  an  endless 
rubber  cloth,  slowly  moving  against  the  current  of  water,  as  in  the 
Frue  vanner. 

Pernot  farnace  or  Post-Pernot  furnace.  A  reverberatory  pud- 
dling or  smelting  furnace,  having  a  circular,  inclined,  revolving 
hearth. 

Pershbecker  furnace.  A  continuously  working  shaft-furnace  for 
roasting  quicksilver  ores,  having  two  fire-places  at  opposite  sides. 
The  fuel  is  wood. 

Pertinencia,  SP.  The  extent  of  a  mining  location  in  Mexico,  to 
which  a  title  is  acquired  by  denunciation. 

Peter  or  peter  out.     To  fail  gradually  in  size,  quantity,  or  quality. 

Pewter.  An  alloy  of  tin  and  lead.  Other  metals  are  often  added, 
or  the  lead  is  replaced  entirely  with  copper,  zinc,  antimony,  etc. 

Pick.  A  pick-axe  with  one  or  two  points.  The  usual  miners' 
pick  has  but  one. 

Picker  or  Poker.  A  hand  chisel  for  dzhuing,  held  in  one  hand 
and  struck  with  a  hammer. 

Pick-hammer.     A  hammer  with  a  point,  used  in  cobbing. 

Pickling.     Cleaning  sheet-iron  or  wire  by  immersion  in  acid. 

Pig.     An  ingot  or  cast  bar  of  metal.     See  Pig-iron. 

Pig-iron.  Crude  cast-iron  from  the  blast  farnace.  When  the 
furnace  is  tapped  the  molten  iron  flows  down  a  runner  moulded  in 


A   GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          65 

sand,  from  which  it  enters  the  soivs  or  lateral  runners,  flowing  from 
these  again -into  the  pig -beds,  the  separate  parallel  moulds  of  which 
form  the  pigs.     In  each  bed  the  ingots  lie  against  the  sow  like  suck- 
ling pigs,  whence  the  two  names.     See  Iron.     Mine-pig  is  pig-iron 
made  from  ores  only  ;  cinder-pig,  from  ores  with  admixture  of  some 
forge  or  mitt-cinder. 
Pike.     See  Pick. 
Piking.     See  Cobbing. 

Pile.  1.  The  fagot  or  bundle  of  flat  pieces  of  iron  prepared  to  be 
heated  to  welding-heat  and  then  rolled.  2.  To  make  up  into  piles 
or  fagots.  3.  Piles  are  long  thick  laths,  etc.,  answering  in  shafts,  in 
loose  or  "  quick  "  ground,  the  same  purpose  as  spills  in  levels,  piles 
being  driven  vertically. 

Pillar-and-stall.     See  Post-and-statt. 

Pilz  furnace.  A  circular  or  octagonal  shaft-furnace,  maintaining 
or  increasing  its  diameter  towards  the  top,  and  having  several  tuy- 
eres ;  used  in  smelting  lead-ores. 

Pinch,  CORN.     To  contract  in  width. 
Pink  ash,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Pipe  or  Pipe-vein,  DERB.     An  ore-body  of  elongated  form. 
Pipe-clay,  U.  S.     A  fine  clay  found  in  hydraulic  mines. 
Pipe-ore.     Iron  ore  (limonite)   in   vertical  pillars,  sometimes  of 
conical,  sometimes  of  hour-glass  form,  imbedded  in  clay.     Probably 
formed  by  the  union  of  stalactites  and  stalagmites  in  caverns. 

Piping.  1.  PAC.  See  Hydrauli 'eking.  2.  The  tubular  depres- 
sion caused  by  contraction  during  cooling,  on  the  top  of  iron  or  steel 
ingots. 

Pit.  1.  A  shaft.  2.  A  stack  or  meiler  of  wood,  prepared  for  the 
manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Pitch,  CORN.  1.  The  limits  of  the  set  to  tributers.  2.  The  in- 
clination of  a  vein,  or  of  the  longer  axis  of  an  ore-body. 

Pitch-bag,  CORN.     A  bag  covered  with  pitch,  in  which  powder  is 
inclosed  for  charging  damp  holes. 
Pit-coal.     See  Coal. 

Pit-eye,  ENG.  The  bottom  of  the  shaft  of  a  coal-mine ;  also  the 
junction  of  a  shaft  and  a  level. 

Pit-eye  pillar.  A  barrier  of  coal  left  around  a  shaft  to  protect  it 
from  caving. 

Pit-frame.     The  framework  carrying  the  pit-pulley. 
Pitman.     1.  CORN.     A  man  employed  to  examine   the  lifts  of 
pumps  and  the  drainage.     2.  NEWC.     A  working  miner. 

9 


66         A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Pitwork,  CORN.  The  pumps  and  other  apparatus  of  the  engine 
shaft, 

Place.     See  In  place. 

Placer,  SP.  A  'deposit  of  valuable  mineral,  found  in  particles  in 
alluvium  or  diluvium,  or  beds  of  streams,  etc.  Gold,  tin  ore,  chromic 
iron,  iron  ore,  and  precious  stones  are  found  in  placers.  By  the 
United  States  Revised  Statutes  all  deposits  not  classed  as  veins  of 
rock  in  place  are  considered  placers. 

Plane.  An  incline,  with  tracks,  upon  which  materials  are  raised 
in  cars  by  means  of  a  stationary  engine,  or  are  lowered  by  gravity. 

Plank-timbering.  The  lining  of  a  shaft  with  rectangular  plank 
frames. 

Plank-tubbing.  The  lining  of  a  shaft  with  planks,  spiked  on  the 
inside  of  curbs. 

Plat.     The  map  of  a  survey  in  horizontal  projection. 

Plate-metal.     See  metal. 

Plate-shale.     A  hard  argillaceous  bed. 

Platinum-ores.  Mixtures  of  native  platinum  in  grains  with  vari- 
ous other  metals  and  minerals. 

Platt,  CORN.  An  enlargement  of  a  level  near  a  shaft,  where  ore 
may  await  hoisting,  wagons  pass  each  other,  etc. 

Plattner  process.     See  Chlorination. 

Plomo,  SP.     Lead.     Plomo-plata,  lead-silver. 

Plug.     A  hammer  closely  resembling  the  bully. 

Plumb.     1.  Vertical.     2.  Soft. 

Plumbago.     Graphite. 

Plunger.     The  piston  of  a  force-pump. 

Plush-copper.     Chalcotrichite,  a  fibrous  red  copper  ore. 

Pocket.  1.  A  small  body  of  ore.  2.  A  natural  underground 
reservoir  of  water.  3.  A  receptacle,  from  which  coal,  ore,  or  waste1 
is  loaded  into  wagons  or  cars. 

Podar.     See  Mundic. 

Pointed  boxes.  Boxes  in  the  form  of  inverted  pyramids  or  wedges 
in  which  ores,  after  crushing  and  sizing,  are  separated  in  a  current 
of  water. 

Pole-tools.     The  tools  used  in  drilling  with  rods.     See  Cable-tools. 

Poling.  Stirring  a  metallic  bath  (of  copper,  tin  or  lead)  with  a 
pole  of  green  wood,  to  cause  ebullition  and  deoxidation  in  the  refin- 
ing process. 

Polings.     Poles  used  instead  of  planks  for  lagging. 

Poll,  CORN.     The  head  or  striking  part  of  a  miner's  hammer. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          67 

Poll-pick.  A  pick  with  a  head  for  breaking  away  hard  partings 
in  coal-seams  or  knocking  down  rock  already  seamed  by  blasting. 

Polroz  (pronounced  Polrose),  CORN.  The  pit  underneath  a  water- 
wheel. 

Ponsard  furnace.  A  furnace  in  which  the  escaping  combustion- 
gases,  passing  through  tubular  flues,  heat  the  incoming  air  continu- 
ously through  the  flue-walls. 

Poppet-heads,  CORN.  A  timber  frame  over  a  shaft  to  carry  the 
hoisting  pulley.  •• 

Post.     1.  A  pillar  of  coal  or  ore.     2.  An  upright  timber. 

Post  furnace.     See  Pernot  furnace. 

Post-and-statt.  A  mode  of  working  coal,  in  which  so  much  is 
left  as  pillar  and  so  much  is  taken  away,  forming  rooms  and  thir- 
ling s.  The  method  is  called  also  bord-and-piliar ,  pillar-and-breast, 
etc. 

Potstone.     Compact  steatite. 

Potter's  clay  and  Pipe-clay.  Pure  plastic  clay,  free  from  iron,  and 
consequently  white  after  burning. 

Power-drill.     See  Rock-drill. 

Precious  metals.     See  Noble  metals. 

Precipitation  process.  The  treatment  of  lead  ores  by  direct  fusion 
with  metallic  iron  or  slags  or  ores  rich  in  iron;  performed  generally 
in  a  shaft-furnace,  rarely  in  a  reverberatory.  Often  combined  with 
the  roasting  and  reduction  process. 

Prian,  CORN.     Soft  white  clay. 

Pricker.     See  Needle. 

Prill,  CORN.     1.  The  best  ore  after  cobbing.     2.  See  Button. 

Pringap.  The  distance  between  two  mining  possessions  in  Der- 
byshire. 

Produce.  1.  The  marketable  ores  or  minerals  produced  by  min- 
ing and  dressing.  2.  CORN.  The  amount  of  fine  copper  in  one  hun- 
dred parts  of  ore. 

Producer.     See  Gas-producer. 

Prop.  A  timber  set  to  carry  a  roof  or  other  weight  acting  by 
compression  in  the  direction  of  the  axis. 

Prop-crib  timbering.  Shaft-timbering  with  cribs  kept  at  the 
proper  distance  apart  by  means  of  props. 

Prospecting.  Searching  for  new  deposits ;  also,  preliminary  ex- 
plorations to  test  the  value  of  lodes  or  placers.  The  prospect  is  good 
or  bad. 


68         A    GLOSSARY    OP    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Proving-hole.     A  small  heading  driven  to  find  and  follow  a  coal- 
.  seam,  lost  by  a  dislocation. 

Pryan.     Ore  in  small  pebbles  mixed  with  clay. 

Pudding-stone.    A  conglomerate  in  which  the  pebbles  are  rounded. 
See  Breccia. 

Puddle-bars.     See  Forge. 

Puddle-steel.     See  Steel. 

Paddle-train.     A  tram  of  rolls  for  reducing  squeezed  puddle-balls 
to  puddle  or  muck-bars. 

Puddling.  1.  The  process  of  decarburizing  cast  iron  by  fusion  on 
the  hearth  of  a  reverberatory  furnace,  lined  (fixed  or  fettled)  with 
ore  or  other  material  rich  in  oxide  of  iron.  The  bath  is  stirred 
with  a  rabble  to  expose  it  to  the  action  of  the  lining  and  of  an  air 
current.  The  escape  of  carbonic  oxide  causes  it  to  boil,  whence  the 
early  name  of  this  method  of  puddling,  viz.,  boiling.  Dry  puddling  is 
performed  on  a  silicious  hearth,  and  the  conversion  is  effected  rather 
by  the  flame  than  by  the  reaction  of  solid  or  fused  materials.  As  the 
amount  of  carbon  diminishes  the  mass  becomes  less  fusible  and  be- 
gins to  coagulate  (come  to  nature),  after  which  it  is  worked  together 
into  lumps  (puddle  balls,  loups)  and  removed  from  the  furnace  to  be 
hammered  (shingled)  or  squeezed  in  the  squeezer,  which  presses  out 
the  cinder,  etc.,  and  compacts  the  mass  at  welding  heat,  preparatory 
to  rolling.  Silicon  and  phosphorus  are  also  largely  removed  by  pud- 
dling, passing  into  the  cinder.  Mechanical  puddlers  (in  which  the 
bath  is  agitated  by  revolution,  or  by  mechanical  rabbles,  to  save  hand- 
labor)  are  employed  to  a  limited  extent.  2.  The  term  puddling, 
now  applied  in  metallurgy  exclusively  to  the  above  process,  origi- 
nally referred  to  the  puddling  of  clay  or  clay  and  charcoal  upon 
the  masonry  of  a  furnace  hearth,  to  form  a  lining.  Ditches,  reser- 
voirs, etc.,  are  puddled  with  clay  to  make  them  water-tight. 
Pug-tub.  See  Settler. 
Pulley-frame.  Gallows-frame. 

Pulp,  PAC.    Pulverized  ore  and  water;  also  applied  to  dry-crushed 
ore. 

Palp-assay,  PAC.     The  assay  of  samples  taken   from  the  pulp 
after  or  during  crushing. 
Pump-bob.     See  Bob. 

Pump-rod.     The  rod  or  system  of  rods  (usually  heavy  beams)  con- 
necting the  steam-engine  at  the  surface,  or  at  a  higher  level,  with 
the  pump-piston  below.     See  Bala.nce-bob. 
Pump-station.     See  Station. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          69 

Punch  or  Puncheon.     See  Leg. 

Punch-prop,  NEWC.     A  short  prop. 

Put,  NEWC.  To  convey  coal  from  the  working  breast  to  the 
tramway.  This  is  usually  done  by  young  men  (putters). 

Putty-powder.  Crude  oxide  of  tin,  used  for  giving  opaque  white- 
ness to  enamels,  or  for  grinding  glass. 

Put-work.     See  Tut-work. 

Pyrometer.     An  instrument  for  measuring  high  temperatures. 

Quarry.  An  open  or  "  day  "  working;  usually  for  the  extraction 
of  building-stone,  slate,  or  limestone. 

Quartation.  The  separation  of  gold  from  silver  by  dissolving  out 
the  latter  with  nitric  acid.  It  requires  not  less  than  f  silver  in  the 
alloy,  whence  the  name,  which  is  also  applied  to  the  alloying  of  gold 
with  silver,  if  necessary,  to  prepare  it  for  this  method  of  parting. 

Quartz.  1.  Crystalline  silica.  2.  PAC.  Any  hard  gold  or  silver 
ore,  as  distinguished  from  gravel  or  earth.  Hence  quartz-mining, 
as  distinguished  from  hydraulic,  etc. 

Quartzose.     Containing  quartz  as  a  principal  in'gredient. 

Quere,  queer e  or  qweear,  CORN.      A  small  cavity  or  fissure. 

Quick.  1.  Applied  to  a  productive  vein  as  distinguished  from 
dead  or  barren.  2.  PAC.  Quicksilver. 

Quick  ground.     Ground  in  a  loose  incoherent  state. 

Quicksand.  Sand  which  is  (or  becomes,  upon  the  access  of  water) 
"quick,"  i.  e.,  shifting,  easily  movable  or  semi-liquid. 

Quicksilver-ores.     See  Mercury-ores. 

Quintal.     One  hundred  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Rabble.  An  iron  bar  bent  to  a  right  angle  at  the  end.  See  Pud- 
dling. . 

Race.     A  small  thread  of  spar  or  ore. 

Rack,  CORN.     A  stationary  huddle. 

Rafter-timbering.  Timbering  in  which  the  pieces  are  arranged  like 
the  rafters  of  a  house. 

Rag-burning,  CORN.     See  Tin-witts. 

Ragging.     A  rough  cobbing. 

Rail-train.  A  train  of  rolls  for  reducing  iron  piles  or  steel  ingots 
or  blooms  to  rails. 

Raise.     See  Rise. 

Rake,  DERB.     A  fissure  vein  crossing  the  strata. 

Ra/dng-prop.     An  inclined  prop. 


70        A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Ramble,  NEWC.  A  shale  bed  on  the  top  of  a  coal  seam,  which 
falls  as  the  coal  is  removed. 

Rancho,  SP.     An  estate  or  property  ;  a  farm  (PAG.  ranch). 

Random.     The  direction  of  a  rake-vein. 

Rapper.  A  lever  or  hammer  at  the  top  of  a  shaft  or  inclined 
plane,  for  signals  from  the  bottom. 

Rasehette  furnace.  A  shaft  furnace  used  in  lead,  copper,  and  iron 
smelting,  and  having  an  oblong  rectangular  or  oval  horizontal 
section. 

Reaction  process.     See  Roasting  and  reaction  process. 

Realgar.     Sulphide  of  arsenic. 

Reamer.     A  tool  for  enlarging  a  bore-hole. 

Record.  To  enter  in  the  book  of  the  proper  officer  (usually  a  dis- 
trict or  county  officer)  the  name,  position,  description,  and  date  of  a 
mining  claim  or  location.  See  District. 

Red-ash,  PENN.     See  Coal 

Redevance,  FR.  A  tax,  duty,  or  rent.  In  mining  law  it  means  a 
tax  or  duty  payable  to  the  government  or  to  the  surface  owner. 

Red-lead.     See  Minium. 

Red-short.     Brittle  at  red  heat.     See  Cold-short. 

Reduce.  1.  To  deprive  of  oxygen.  2.  In  general,  to  treat  metal- 
lurgically  for  the  production  of  metal. 

Reed,  CORN.     See  Spire. 

Reef,  AUSTR.     See  Lode. 

Refinery.     See  Run-out  fire. 

Refining.  1.  The  purification  of  crude  metallic  products.  The 
refining  of  "base  bullion"  (silver-lead)  produces  nearly  pure  lead 
and  silver.  2.  The  conversion  of  gray  into  white  cast  iron  in  a 
run-out  fire. 

Refractory.  Resisting  the  action  of  heat  and  chemical  reagents ; 
a  quality  undesirable  in  ores,  but  desirable  in  furnace-linings,  etc. 

Regenerator.  A  chamber,  filled  with  open-work  of  brick,  to  take 
up  the  heat  of  the  gases  of  combustion  from  a  furnace,  and  subse- 
quently impart  it  to  a  current  of  air,  the  air  and  gas  being  conducted 
alternately  through  the  chamber.  See  Siemens  furnace. 

Regule,  FR.  A  copper  regulus  from  which  most  of  the  impuri- 
ties have  been  removed  by  liquation. 

Regulus.  1.  The  metallic  mass  which  sinks  to  the  bottom  of  a 
furnace  or  crucible,  separating  itself  by  gravity  from  the  superna- 
tant slag  or  matt.  2.  An  intermediate  product  obtained  in  smelting 
ores,  specially  those  of  copper,  lead,  silver  and  nickel,  and  consisting 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         71 

chiefly  of  metallic  sulphides.  In  this  sense  it  is  synonymous  with 
matt,  or  the  GERM.  Stein.  Antimony  regulus  is  metallic  antimony. 

Rend-rock.     See  Explosives. 

Renk,  NEWC.     The  average  distance  coal  is  brough  by  the  putters. 

Rests.  The  arrangement  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  a  pit  for  sup- 
porting the  shaft-cage  while  changing  the  tubs  or  cars. 

Retorting.  Removing  the  mercury  from  an  amalgam  by  volatil- 
izing it  in  an  iron  retort,  conducting  it  away,  and  condensing  it. 

Reverberator^  furnace.  A  furnace  in  which  ores  are  submitted  to 
the  action  of  flame,  without  contact  with  the  fuel.  The  flame  enters 
from  the  side  or  end,  passes  upward  over  a  low  wall  or  bridge,  strikes 
the  roof  (arch)  of  the  furnace,  and  is  reverberated  downward  upon 
the  charge. 

Reversing  rolls.     See  Three-high  train. 

Rib.  1.  In  coal  mining,  the  solid  coal  on  the  side  of  a  gallery  or 
long-wall  face ;  a  pillar  or  barrier  of  coal  left  for  support.  2.  The 
solid  ore  of  a  vein ;  an  elongated  pillar  left  to  support  the  hanging- 
wall,  in  working  out  a  vein. 

Ribbed.     Containing  bone. 

Ribbon-borer.  A  boring-tool  consisting  of  a  twisted  flat  steel 
blade. 

Rick,  PENN.     An  open  heap  or  pile  in  which  coal  is  coked. 

Riddle,  CORN,  and  SCOT.  A  sieve.  The  large  pieces  of  ore  and 
rock  picked  out  by  hand  are  called  knockings.  The  riddlings  remain 
on  the  riddle;  the  fell  goes  through. 

Rider.     See  Horse. 

Riffle.  A  groove  or  interstice,  or  a  cleat  or  block  so  placed  as  to 
produce  the  same  effect,  in  the  bottom  of  a  sluice,  to  catch  free  gold. 

Rim-rock.  The  bed-rock  rising  to  form  the  boundary  of  a  placer 
or  gravel  deposit. 

Ring,  NEWC.  A  gutter  cut  around  a  shaft  to  catch  and  conduct 
away  the  water. 

Ringe.     See  Cowl. 

Rise  or  Riser,  CORN.     A  shaft  or  winze  excavated  upward. 

Rise-heading.     See  Heading,  in  long-wall. 

Rivelaine.  A  pick  with  one  or  two  points,  formed  of  flat  iron, 
used  to  undercut  coal  by  scraping  instead  of  striking. 

Roasting.  Calcination,  usually  with  oxidation.  Good,  dead,  or 
sweet  roasting  is  complete  roasting,  i.  e.,  carried  on  until  sulphurous 
and  arsenious  fumes  cease  to  be  given  off.  Kernel-roasting  is  a  pro- 
cess of  treating  poor  sulphuretted  copper  ores,  by  roasting  in  lumps, 


72          A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

whereby  copper  (and  nickel)  are  concentrated  in  the  interior  of  the 
lumps. 

Roasting  and  reaction  process.  The  treatment  of  galena  in  a 
reverberatory,  by  first  partially  roasting  at  a  low  temperature,  and 
then  partially  fusing  the  charge  at  a  higher  temperature,  which 
causes  a  reaction  between  the  lead-oxide  formed  by  roasting  and  the 
remaining  sulphide,  producing  sulphurous  acid  and  metallic  lead. 

Roasting  and  reduction  procc**.  The  treatment  of  lead  ores  by 
roasting  to  form  lead-oxide,  and  subsequent  reducing  fusion  in  a 
shaft-furnace. 

Rob.  To  extract  pillars  previously  left  for  support;  or,  in  gen- 
eral, to  take  out  ore  or  coal  from  a  mine  with  a  view  to  immedi- 
ate product,  and  not  to  subsequent  working. 

Rock-breaker.  Usually  applied  to  a  class  of  machines,  of  which 
Blake's  rock-breaker  is  the  type,  and  in  which  the  rock  is  crushed 
between  two  jaws,  both  movable,  or  one  fixed  and  one  movable.  It 
is  common  to  use  a  rock-breaker  instead  of  hand-spalling  to  prepare 
ore  for  further  crushing  in  the  stamp-mill. 

Rock-drill.  A  machine  for  boring  in  rock,  either  by  percussion, 
effected  by  reciprocating  motion,  or  abrasion,  effected  by  rotary  mo- 
tion. Compressed  air  is  the  usual  motive  power,  but  steam  also  is 
used.  The  Burleigh,  Haupt,  Ingersoll,  Wood,  and  other  machines 
operate  percussively  ;  the  diamond  drill  (which  see)  abrasively. 

Rocker.  A  short  trough  in  which  auriferous  sands  are  agitated 
by  oscillation,  in  water,  to  collect  their  gold. 

Rod-tools.     See  Pole-tools. 

Rolley.     A  large  truck  carrying  two  corves. 

Rolley-way.     A  gangway. 

Rolling.     See  Roll-train. 

Rolls.  1.  Cylinders  of  iron  or  steel  revolving  towards  each  other, 
between  which  rock  is  made  to  pass,  in  order  to  crush  it.  2.  See 
Roll-train. 

Roll-train.  The  set  of  plain  or  grooved  rolls  through  which  iron 
or  steel  piles,  ingots,  blooms,  or  billets  are  passed,  to  be  rolled  into 
various  shapes. 

Rondle  or  Rondelle.  The  crust  or  scale  which  forms  upon  the  sur- 
face of  molten  metal  in  cooling. 

Roof.     The  rock  overlying  a  bed  or  flat  vein. 

Roofing.  The  wedging  of  a  loaded  wagon  or  horse  against  the 
top  of  an  underground  passage. 

Room,  SCOT.     See  Breast  and  Post-and-stall. 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   MINING   AND   METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         73 

Rosette  copper.  Disks  of  copper  (red  from  the  presence  of  sub- 
oxide)  formed  by  cooling  the  surface  of  molten  copper  through 
sprinkling  with  water. 

Rossie  furnace.  An  American  variety  of  hearth  for  the  treatment 
of  galena,  differing  from  the  Scotch  hearth  in  using  wood  as  fuel, 
working  continuously,  and  having  hollow  walls,  to  heat  the  blast. 

Roughing  rolls.  The  rolls  of  a  train  which  first  receive  the  pile, 
ingot,  bloom,  or  billet,  and  partially  form  it  into  the  final  shape. 

RougJis,  CORN.    Coarse,  poor  sands,  resulting  from  tin-dressing. 

Round  coal.     See  Lump-coal. 

Rounder.      See  Reamer. 

Row,  CORN.     Large,  rough  stones. 

Royalty.  The  dues  of  the  lessor  or  landlord  of  a  mine,  or  of  the 
owner  of  a  patented  invention. 

Rozan  process.     An  improvement  of  the  Pattinson  process. 

Rubber.  A  gold-quartz  amalgamator,  in  which  the  slime  is  rubbed 
against  amalgamated  copper  surfaces. 

Rullers,  CORN.  The  workmen  who  wheel  ore  in  wheelbarrows 
underground. 

Run,  CORN.  1.  The  natural  falling  or  closing  together  of  under- 
ground workings.  2.  Certain  accidents  to  the  winding  apparatus. 
3.  By  the  run.  A  method  of  paying  coal  miners  per  linear  yard  of 
breast  excavated,  instead  of  by  the  wagon  of  clear  coal  produced.  4. 
A  long  deep  trough  in  which  slimes  settle.  5.  See  Counter. 

Runner.  The  channel  through  which  molten  metal  is  conducted 
from  the  blast  furnace  or  cupola  to  the  pig-bed,  converter  or  moulds. 
See  Pig-iron. 

Run-out  fire.     A  forge  in  which  cast-iron  is  refined. 

Run-steel.     Malleable  castings. 

Rush,  CORN.     See  Spire. 

Rusty.  Applied  to  coals  discolored  by  water  or  exposure,  as  well 
as  to  quartz,  etc.,  discolored  by  iron  oxide. 

Rusty  gold,  PAG.  Free  gold,  which  does  not  easily  amalgamate, 
the  particles  being  coated,  as  is  supposed,  with  oxide  of  iron. 

Saddle.     An  anticlinal  in  a  bed  or  flat  vein. 
Safety-cage.     A  cage  with  a  safety  catch. 
Safety-car.     See  Barney. 

Safety-catch.     An  automatic  device  for  preventing  the  fall  of  a 

cage  in  a  shaft  or  a  car  in  an  incline,  if  the  supporting  cable  breaks 

Safety-lamp.     A  lamp,  the  flame  of  which  is  so  protected  that  it 

10 


'74          A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

will  not  immediately  ignite  fire-damp.     There  are  several  varieties, 
invented  by  Davy,  Stephenson,  Clanny,  and  others. 

Salamander.  A  mass  of  solidified  material  in  a  furnace  hearth  ; 
called  also  a  sow  and  bear. 

Saline.     A  salt  spring  or  well ;  salt  works. 

Sampson-post.  An  upright  post  which  supports  the  walking-beam, 
communicating  motion  from  the  engine  to  a  deep-boring  apparatus. 

Sand-pump.  A  cylinder  with  a  valve  at  the  bottom,  lowered 
into  a  drill-hole  from  time  to  time,  to  take  out  the  accumulated  slime 
resulting  from  the  action  of  the  drill  on  the  rock.  Called,  also, 
Shell-pump  and  Sludger. 

Scaffold.  An  obstruction  in  a  blast  furnace  above  the  tuyeres 
caused  by  an  accumulation  or  shelf  of  pasty,  unreduced  materials, 
adhering  to  the  lining. 

Scalj  CORN.  A  portion  of  earth  or  rock  which  separates  and  falls 
from  the  main  body. 

Scale.  1.  The  crust  of  metallic  oxide  formed  by  cooling  of  hot 
metals  in  air.  Hammer-scale  and  roll-scale  are  the  flaky  oxides 
which  fall  from  the  bloom,  ingot,  or  bar  under  hammering  or  rolling. 
2.  The  incrustation  caused  in  steam-boilers  by  the  evaporation  of 
water  containing  mineral  salts.  3.  A  scale  o/crir  (NEWC.)  is  a  small 
portion  of  air  abstracted  from  the  main  current. 

Scarcement.  A  projecting  ledge  of  rock,  left  in  a  shaft  as  footing 
for  a  ladder,  or  to  support  pit-work,  etc. 

Scarfing.  Splicing  timbers,  so  cut  that  when  joined  the  resulting 
piece  is  not  thicker  at  the  joint  than  elsewhere. 

Schist.  Crystalline  rock,  usually  micaceous,  having  a  slaty 
structure. 

Schlicker,  GERM.  The  skimmings  from  molten  unrefined  lead, 
containing  chiefly  copper,  iron,  and  zinc,  with  a  little  antimony  and 
arsenic. 

Schorl.     Black  tourmaline. 

Scoria  or  Scorice.     See  Slag. 

Scorification.  A  process  employed  in  assaying  gold  and  silver 
ores,  and  performed  in  a  shallow  clay  vessel  (scorifier),  in  which  ore, 
lead,  and  borax-glass  are  exposed  to  heat  and  oxidation  in  a  muffle. 
The  operation  involves  roasting,  fusion,  and  scorification  proper,  or 
the  formation  of  a  slag,  which  is  not,  like  the  litharge  produced  in 
cupellation,  absorbed  by  the  vessel. 

Scotch  hearth.    A  low  forge  or  furnace  of  cast-iron,  with  one  tuyere. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          75 

in  which  rich  galena  is  treated  by  a  sort  of  accelerated  roasting  and 
reaction  process. 

Scouring  cinder.  A  basic  slag,  which  attacks  the  lining  of  a  shaft- 
furnace. 

Scovan  lode,  CORN.  A  lode  having  no  gossan  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face. 

Scraper.     A  tool  for  cleaning  bore-holes. 

Screen.  A  sieve  of  wire-cloth,  grate-bars,  or  perforated  sheet-iron 
used  to  sort  ore  and  coal  according  to  size.  Stamp-mortars  have 
screens  on  one  or  both  sides,  to  determine  the  fineness  of  the  escaping 
pulp. 

Screw-bell.  A  recovering  tool  in  deep  boring,  ending  below  in  a 
hollow  screw- threaded  cone. 

Serin  or  Skrin,  DERB.     A  small  subordinate  vein. 

Seam.  I.  A  stratum  or  bed  of  coal  or  other  mineral.  2.  CORN. 
A  horse-load.  3.  A  joint,  deft,  or  fissure. 

Seat,  DERB.     The  floor  of  a  mine. 

Seed-bag.  A  bag  filled  with  flaxseed  and  fastened  around  the 
tubing  in  an  artesian  well,  so  as  to  form,  by  the  swelling  of  the 
flaxseed  when  wet,  a  water-tight  packing,  preventing  percolation 
down  the  sides  of  the  bore-hole  from  upper  to  lower  strata.  When 
the  tubing  is  pulled  up  the  upper  fastening  of  the  bag  breaks,  and 
it  empties  itself,  thus  presenting  no  resistance  to  the  extraction  of 
the  tubing. 

Segregate,  PAC.  To  separate  the  undivided  joint  ownership  of  a 
mining  claim  into  smaller  individual  "segregated"  claims. 

Segregation.  A  mineral  deposit  formed  by  concentration  from  the 
adjacent  rock. 

Selvage,  or  Self  edge.  A  layer  of  clay  or  decomposed  rock  along 
a  vein-wall.  See  Gouge. 

Semi-anthracite.     See  Coal. 

Semi-bituminous  coal.     See  Coal. 

Separator.  1.  A  machine  for  separating,  with  the  aid  of  water  or 
air,  materials  of  different  specific  gravity.  Strictly,  a  separator  parts 
two  or  more  ingredients,  both  valuable,  while  a  concentrator  saves 
but  one  and  rejects  the  rest;  but  the  terms  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably. 2.  Any  machine  for  separating  materials,  as  the  mag- 
netic separator,  for  separating  magnetite  from  its  gangue. 

Set-  or  Sett,  CORN.  1.  A  grant  of  mining  ground,  as  the  assign- 
ment of  a  certain,  part  of  a  mine  under  contract  or  tribute.  2.  A 
frame  of  timber  for  supporting  excavations. 


76          A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 


Settler.  A  tub  or  vat,  in  which  jm/p  from  the  amalgamating  pan 
or  battery-pulp  is  allowed  to  settle,  being  stirred  in  water,  to  remove 
the  lighter  portions. 

Shadd,  CORN.  Smooth,  round  stones  on  the  surface,  containing 
tin-ore,  and  indicating  a  vein. 

Shaft.  1.  A  pit  sunk  from  the  surface.  2.  The  interior  of  a 
shaft-furnace  above  the  boshes. 

Shaft-furnace.  A  high  furnace,  charged  at  the  top  and  tapped  at 
the  bottom. 

Shaft-walls.  1.  The  sides  of  a  shaft.  2.  NEWC.  Pillars  of  coal 
left  near  the  bottom  of  a  pit. 

Shake.  1.  A  cavern,  usually  in  limestone.  2.  A  crack  in  a  block 
of  stone. 

Shaking-table.     See  Percussion-table. 

Shambles.  Shelves  or  benches,  from  one  to  the  other  of  which 
successively  ore  is  thrown  in  raising  it  to  the  level  above,  or  to  the 
surface. 

Shearing.  1.  The  vertical  side-cutting  which,  together  with  holing 
or  horizontal  undercutting,  constitutes  the  attack  upon  a  face  of  coal. 
2.  Cutting  up  steel  for  the  crucible. 

Shears,  CORN.  Two  high  timbers,  standing  over  a  shaft  and 
united  at  the  top  to  carry  a  pulley,  for  lifting  or  lowering  timbers? 
pipes,  etc.,  of  greater  length  than  the  ordinary  hoisting-gear  can  ac- 
commodate. 

Sheathing.     A  close  partition  or  covering  of  planks. 

Sheave.     The  groove-wheel  of  a  pulley. 

Shelf,  CORN.  The  solid  rock  or  bed-rock,  especially  under  alluvial 
tin-deposits. 

Shell-pump.     See  Sand-pump. 

Shelly.  The  condition  of  coal  which  has  been  so  much  faulted 
and  twisted  that  it  is  not  massive,  but  easily  breaks  into  conchoidal 
pieces. 

Shet,  S.  STAFF.     The  broken-down  roof  of  a  coal-mine. 

Shift.  1.  The  time  for  a  miner's  work  in  one  day.  2.  The  gang 
of  men  working  for  that  period,  as  the  day-shift,  the  night-sh  iff  '. 

Shift-boss.     The  foreman  in  charge  of  a  shift  of  men. 

Shingling.     Hammering  bloom*,  hilled,  etc. 

Shiver.     1.  Shale;  a  hard  argillaceous  bed.    2.  See  Sheave. 

Shoad,  CORN.  Ore  washed  or  detached  from  the  vein  naturally. 
See  Float-ore. 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.          I  ( 

Sheading  or  Shoding,  CORN.  The  tracking  of  boulders  towards 
the  vein  or  rock  from  which  they  have  come. 

Shoe.  A  piece  of  iron  or  steel,  attached  to  the  bottom  of  a  stamp 
or  mutter,  for  grinding  ore.  The  shoe  can  be  replaced  when  worn 
out. 

Shoot.  1.  See  Chute.  2.  See  Blast.  A  shot  is  a  single  operation 
of  blasting. 

Shooting-needle.  A  sharp  metal  rod,  to  form  a  vent-hole  through 
the  tamping  to  a  blasting-charge. 

Shore-nose  shell.  A  cylindrical  tool,  cut  obliquely  at  bottom,  for 
boring  through  hard  clay. 

Show.  1.  The  pale-blue,  lambent  flame  on  the  top  of  a  common 
candle-flame,  indicating  the  presence  of  fire-damp.  2.  See  Blossom. 

Shuts.     See  Chute. 

Sicker.     See  Zighyr. 

Siddle.     The  inclination  of  a  seam  of  coal. 

Side-basset.     A  transverse  direction  to  the  line  of  dip  in  strata. 

Side-guide.     See  Guard. 

Side-laning,  S.  STAFF.  Widening  a  gate-road  (abandoned  for  that 
purpose)  so  as  to  make  it  part  of  a  new  side  of  work. 

Side  of  work,  S.  STAFF.  The  series  of  breasts  and  pillars  connected 
with  a  gate-road  in  a  colliery. 

Siemens  furnace.  A  reverberatory  furnace,  heated  by  gas,  with 
the  aid  of  regenerators. 

Sigger.     See  Zighyr. 

«./•./  c7       t/ 

Silesian  zinc  furnace.  A  furnace  in  which  zinc  is  reduced  and 
distilled  from  calcined  ores  in  muffles. 

Silicious.     Consisting  of  or  containing  silex  or  quartz. 

Sill.  1 .  A  stratum.  2.  A  piece  of  wood  laid  across  a  drift  to  con- 
stitute a  frame  with  the  posts  and  to  carry  the  track  of  the  tramway. 

Silt.     See  Alluvium. 

Silver  ores.  Silver-glance  (argentite,  sulphide) ;  horn-silver  (cer- 
argyrite,  chloride)  ;  dark-ruby  silver  (pyrargyrite,  sulphantimonide) ; 
light-ruby  silver  (proustite,  sulpharsenide) ;  brittle  silver-glance  (stepha- 
nite,  antimonial  sulphide  of  silver,  and  polybasite,  arsenical  and 
antimonial  sulphide  of  several  metals) ;  white  ore  (argentiferous 
gray  copper,  tetrahedrite,  antimonial  sulphide  of  iron,  zinc,  copper, 
lead,  and  silver) ;  stetefeldtite  and  partzite  (antimoniates) ;  also,  argen- 
tiferous lead,  copper,  and  zinc  ores.  , 

Sinker-bar.  A  heavy  bar  attached  above  the  jars  to  cable-drilling 
tools. 


78         A   GLOSSARY   OF    MIXING   AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Sinking-fire.  A  forge  in  which  wrought-iron  scrap  or  refined  pig- 
iron  is  partially  melted  or  welded  together  by  means  of  a  charcoal- 
fire  and  a  blast. 

Siphon-tap.     See  Arends'  tap. 

Sit  or  Sits.  A  settling  or  falling  of  the  top  of  workings.  See 
Thrust  and  Creep. 

Sizing.  Separating  ores  according  to  size  of  particles,  preparatory 
to  dressing. 

Skep  or  Skip,  CORN.  An  iron  box  working  between  guides,  in 
which  ore  or  rock  is  hoisted.  It  is  distinguished  from  a  kibble, 
which  hangs  free  in  the  shaft. 

Skew-plate.     See  Bloomary. 

Skimmings  or  Skimpings,  CORN.  The  poorest  part  skimmed  off 
the  jigger. 

Skull.     A  crust  of  solidified  steel  lining  a  Bessemer  ladle. 

Slack.     Small  coal ;  coal  dirt.     See  (Mm  (2). 

Slag.  The  vitreous  mass  separated  from  the  fused  metals  in 
smelting  ores. 

Slag-hearth.  A  hearth  on  the  principle  of  the  Scotch-hearth  for 
the  treatment  of  slags,  etc.,  produced  by  lead-smelting  in  the  rever- 
beratory  furnace.  The  English  slag-hearth  has  one  tuyere;  the 
Castilian  or  Spanish,  three. 

Slag-lead.     Lead  obtained  by  a  re-smelting  of  gray  slag. 

Slag-wool.  A  finely  fibrous  mass  produced  by  blowing  steam  or 
air  into  molten  slag. 

Slant  A  heading  driven  diagonally  between  the  dip  and  the 
strike  of  a  coal-seam  ;  also  called  a  run.  See  Run  and  Counter. 

Slate.  A  sedimentary  rock  splitting  into  thin  plates.  The  terms 
slate,  shale,  and  schist  are  not  sharply  distinguished  in  common  use, 
particularly  among  older  writers.  Strictly,  according  to  recent 
authors,  slate  may  be  crystalline;  schist  is  always  so  ;  shale  is  always 
(and  slate  most  frequently)  non-crystalline.  There  is  also  a  notion 
of  coarser  or  less  complete  lamination  attached  to  the  term  shale,  as 
of  a  rock  splitting  into  thicker  or  less  perfect  plates  than  slate.  Both 
may  be  argillaceous,  arenaceous,  calcareous,  silicious,  etc.,  according 
to  their  lithological  character.  The  terms  slaty,  xhaly,  and  schistose 
describe  the  respective  structures. 

Sleek,  NEWC.     Mud  deposited  by  water  in  a  mine. 

Sleeper.     See  Sill. 

Sleeping-table,  CORN.  A  stationary  huddle.  For  the  strict  dis- 
tinction sometimes  made  between  buddle  and  table,  see  Buddie. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         79 

Slickensides.  Polished  and  sometimes  striated  surfaces  on  the 
walls  of  a  vein,  or  on  interior  joints  of  the  vein-material  or  of  rock- 
masses.  They  are  the  result  of  movement. 

Slide,  CORN.  1.  A  vein  of  clay  intersecting  and  dislocating  a  vein 
vertically  ;  or  the  vertical  dislocation  itself.  2.  An  upright  rail 
fixed  in  a  shaft  with  corresponding  grooves  for  steadying  the  cages. 

Slide-joint.  A  connection  acting  in  rod-boring,  like  the  jars  in 
rope-boring. 

Slimes,  CORN.     The  most  finely  crushed  ores. 

Slime-table.     See  Buddie. 

Sline.     Natural  transverse  cleavage  of  rock. 

Slip.     A  vertical  dislocation  of  the  rocks. 

Slipes,  S.  STAFF.  Sledge-runners,  upon  which  a  skip  is  dragged 
from  the  working  breast  to  the  tramway. 

Slit.     A  communication  between  two  levels. 

Slitter.     See  Pick. 

Sliver,  ENG.  A  thin  wooden  strip,  inserted  into  grooves  in  the 
adjacent  edges  of  two  boards  of  a  brattice,  to  make  it  air-tight. 

Slope.     See  Incline. 

Sludge.     See  Slimes. 

Sludger.     See  Sand-pump. 

Sluicing.     Washing  auriferous  earth  through  long  boxes  (sluices). 

Slums,  PAC.     See  Slimes. 

Slurry,  N.  WALES.     See  Regulus  (2). 

Smalt.  A  blue  pigment  or  glass,  consisting  of  silica,  potash,  and 
cobalt. 

Smeddum,  SCOT.  The  smaller  particles  which  pass  through  the 
sieve  of  the  hutch. 

Smelting.     Reducing  ores  by  fusion  in  furnaces. 

Smifi.     A  fuse  or  slow  match. 

Smitham  or  Smiddan,  DERB.     Lead -ore  dust. 

Smut.  1.  S.  STAFF.  Bad,  soft  coal,  containing  much  earthy 
matter.  2.  See  Blossom. 

Snoff,  CORN.     A  short  candle-end,  put  under  a  fuse  to  light  it. 

Snore-hole.  The  hole  in  the  lower  part  or  wind-bore  of  a  mining 
pump,  to  admit  the  water. 

Soapstone.  Compact  talc  or  steatite;  often  applied  incorrectly  to 
soft  unctuous  clays  or  marls. 

Softening.     Of  lead,  the  removal  of  antimony  and  other  impurities. 

Solder.  A  metal  or  alloy  used  to  unite  adjacent  surfaces  of  less 
fusible  metals  or  alloys.  Soft  solder  is  a  compound  of  tin  and  lead  ; 


80         A   GLOSSARY   OF   MINING   AND   METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

hard  solder,  of  copper  and  zinc,  or  tin,  copper,  and  zinc,  or  tin  and 
antimony ;  gold  Bolder,  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper ;  silver  solder,  of 
silver  and  copper,  or  silver  and  brass ;  and  so  on. 

Sole.  1.  The  bottom  of  a  level.  2.  The  bottom  of  a  reverberatory 
furnace. 

Solid  crib-timbering.  Shaft-timbering  with  cribs  laid  solidly 
upon  one  another. 

Sottar,  CORN.  A  platform  in  a  shaft,  usually  constituting  a 
landing  between  two  ladders. 

Sough,  DERB.     See  Adit. 

Sow.     1.  See  Salamander.     2.  See  Pig-iron. 

Spale,  CORN.     To  fine  for  disobedience  of  orders. 

Spall  or  Spawl.  To  break  ore.  Ragging  and  cobbing  are  re- 
spectively coarser  and  finer  breaking  than  spatting,  but  the  terms 
are  often  used  interchangeably.  Pieces  of  ore  thus  broken  are  called 
spalls. 

Spar.  A  name  given  by  miners  to  any  earthy  mineral  having  a 
distinct  cleavable  structure  and  some  lustre;  in  Cornwall  usually 
quartz. 

Spears.     See  Pump-rods. 

Speise  or  Speiss,  GERM.  Impure  metallic  arsenides  (principally 
of  iron),  produced  in  copper  and  lead  smelting.  Cobalt  and  nickel 
are  found  concentrated  in  the  speiss  obtained  from  ores  containing 
these  metals 

Spel  or  Spell.     A  change  or  turn. 

Spence-furnace.     A  long  reverberatory,  for  thorough  roasting. 

Spend.     To  break  ground;  to  continue  working. 

Spiegeleisen.     Manganiferous  white  cast-iron. 

Spiking-curb,  ENG.  A  curb  to  the  inside  of  which  plank-tubing 
is  spiked. 

Spitting,  CORN.  A  process  of  driving  or  sinking  through  very 
loose  ground. 

Spills,  CORN.  Long  thick  laths  or  poles  driven  ahead  horizon- 
tally around  the  door-frames,  in  running  levels  in  loose  ground — a 
kind  of  lagging  put  in  ahead  of  the  main  timbering. . 

Spire.  The  tube  carrying  the  train  to  the  charge  in  a  blast-hole. 
Also  called  reed  or  rush,  because  these,  as  well  as  spires  of  grass,  are 
used  for  the  purpose. 

Spitting.  The  violent  ejection  of  globules  by  a  body  of  molten 
silver,  in  the  act  of  becoming  solidified  by  cooling. 

Splint  coal.     See  Coal. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS.         81 

/Split.  1.  To  divide  a  ventilating  current.  2.  When  a  parting 
in  a  coal-seam  becomes  so  thick  that  the  two  portions  of  the  seam 
must  be  worked  separately,  each  is  called  a  split.  See  Bench. 

Sponge.  Metal  in  a  porous  form,  usually  obtained  by  reduction 
without  fusion.  See  Chenot  process. 

Spoon.  1.  An  instrument  made  of  an  ox  or  buffalo  horn,  in  which 
earth  or  pulp  may  be  delicately  tested  by  washing  to  detect  gold, 
amalgam,  etc.  2  (or  Spoon-end).  The  edge  of  a  coal-basin  when 
the  coal-seam  spoons,  i.  e.,  rises  to  the  surface,  after  growing  thinner 
as  it  approaches  its  termination. 

Spout,  S.  STAFF.     See  Air-head. 

Sprag.  1.  A  prop.  2.  A  short  round  piece  of  wood  used  to 
block  the  wheels  of  a  car. 

Spreader.  A  horizontal  timber  below  the  cap  of  a  set,  to  stiffen 
the  legs,  and  to  support  the  brattice  when  there  are  two  air-courses 
in  the  same  gangway. 

Spreaders.  Pieces  of  timber  stretched  across  a  shaft  as  a  tempo- 
rary support  of  the  walls. 

Sprue.  A  piece  of  metal  attached  to  a  casting,  occupying  the  gate 
or  passage  through  which  the  metal  was  poured. 

Spud.  A  nail,  resembling  a  horseshoe  nail,  with  a  hole  in  the 
head,  driven  into  mine-timbering,  or  into  a  wooden  plug  inserted  in 
the  rock,  to  mark  a  surveying-station. 

Spur.     A  branch  leaving  a  vein,  but  not  returning  to  it. 

Spurns,  S.  STAFF.  Small  connecting  masses  of  coal,  left  for 
safety  during  the  operation  of  cutting,  between  the  hanging  coal  and 
the  main  body. 

Square  sets.     A  kind  of  timbering  used  in  large  spaces. 

Squat,  CORN.  1.  Tin-ore  mixed  with  spar.  2.  See  Bunch  of 
ore. 

Squeeze.  The  settling,  without  breaking,  of  the  roof  over  a  con- 
siderable area  of  workings. 

Squeezer.  A  machine  for  reducing  the  puddle-ball  to  a  compact 
mass,  ready  for  the  hammer  or  rolls. 

Squib.     A  slow-match  or  safety-fuse,  used  with  a  barrel. 

Squirting.  Forcing  lead  by  hydraulic  pressure  into  the  form  of 
rods  or  pipes. 

Stack.     1.  A  chimney.     2.  See  Shaft-furnace. 

Stall,  S.  STAFF.     See  Room,  Breast,  and  Post-and- Stall. 

Stamping.  Reducing  to  the  desired  fineness  in  a  stamp-mill.  The 
grain  is  usually  not  so  fine  as  that  produced  by  grinding  in  pans. 

11 


82         A    GLOSSARY    OF    MIXING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Stamp-mill.  An  apparatus  (also  the  building  containing  the  ap- 
paratus) in  which  rock  is  crushed  by  descending  pestles  (stamps), 
operated  by  water  or  steam-power.  Amalgamation  is  usually  com- 
bined with  the  crushing  when  gold  or  silver  is  the  metal  sought,  but 
copper  and  tin-ores,  etc.,  are  stamped  to  prepare  them  for  dressing. 

Stamps,  S.  WALES.  The  pieces  into  which  the  rough  bars  shin- 
gled from  the  finery  ball  are  broken,  to  be  piled  for  subsequent  roll- 
ing into  sheet-iron. 

Stamp-work,  LAKE  SUP.  Rock  containing  disseminated  native 
copper. 

Stanchion.     See  Leg. 

Standage,  ENG.  A  large  sump,  or  more  than  one,  acting  as  a 
reservoir. 

Stannary.     A  tin -mine  or  tin- works. 

Station.  I.  See  Plait.  2.  Also,  a  similar  enlargement  of  shaft  or 
level  to  receive  a  balance-bob  (bob-station),  pump  (pump-station),  or 
tank  (tank-station). 

Steamboat-coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Steam-coal     See  Coal. 

Steel.  A  compound  or  alloy  of  iron,  principally  with  carbon, 
which  may  be  cast,  forged,  hardened,  and  tempered.  Ordinary  steel 
contains  from  0.5  to  1.5  per  cent,  of  carbon.  More  carbon  makes 
cast-iron  ;  less  carbon,  wrought-iron.  But  this  classification  is  not 
now  strictly  adequate  or  applicable,  either  to  the  scientific  or  to  the 
commercial  use  of  the  term.  The  so-called  mild  or  low  or  structural 
steels  (low  in  carbon,  and  hence  relatively  soft  and  tough),  as  com- 
pared with  high  or  hard  or  tool  steels,  do  not  always  harden  or 
temper.  An  international  committee  appointed  by  the  American 
Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  has  recommended  the  use  of  the  fol- 
lowing classification  : 

1.  That  all  malleable  compounds  of  iron  with  its  ordinary  ingre- 
dients, which  are  aggregated  from   pasty  masses,  or  from  piles,  or 
from  any  forms  of  iron  not  in  a  fluid  state,  and  which  will  not  sen- 
sibly harden   and  temper,  and  which  generally  resemble  what   is 
called  "  wrought-iron,"  shall  be  called  weld-iron  (GERM.,  Schweissei- 
sen  ;  FR.,  fer  soude). 

2.  That  such  compounds,  when  they  will  from  any  cause  harden 
and  temper,  and  which  resemble  what  is  now  called  "  puddled  steel," 
shall  be  called  weld-steel  (GERM.,  Schweissstahl ;  FR.,  acier  soude). 

3.  That  all  compounds  of  iron  with  its  ordinary  ingredients,  which 
have  been  cast  from  a  fluid  state  into  malleable  masses,  and  which 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         83 

will  not  sensibly  harden  by  being  quenched  in  water  while  at  a  red 
heat,  shall  be  called  ingot-iron  (GERM.,  Flusseisen  ;  ~FR.,ferfondu). 

4.  That  all  such  compounds,  when  they  will  from  any  cause  so  har- 
den, shall  be  called  ingot-steel  (GERM.,  Flussstahl ;  FR.,  acierfondu). 

This  proposed  classification  does  not  cover  ordinary  cast  or  pig  iron. 
It  is  a  classification  of  the  malleable  compounds  only.  The  Institute 
has  recommended  its  use  in  papers  and  discussions,  except  as  to  the 
term  weld,  for  which  a  substitute  was  desired,  and  meanwhile  the 
continuance  of  the  old  term  wrought,  though  in  a  somewhat  wider 
significance,  was  suggested.  The  resolution  of  the  Institute  concludes 
as  follows  :  "  It  being  understood  that  the  ingot-iron  and  ingot-steel  of 
this  classification  constitute,  taken  together,  what  is  now  commer- 
cially known  as  cast-steel,  including  the  so-called  low  or  soft  cast- 
steels."  Bessemer-steel  is  made  by  decarburizing  cast  iron  in  a  con- 
verter. (See  Bessemer  process.)  Blister  or  cement-steel  is  made  by  car- 
burizing  wrought  iron  bars  by  packing  them  in  charcoal  powder  and 
heating  without  access  of  air.  It  is  melted  in  crucibles  to  cast-steel,  or 
hammered  (tilted]  to  shear-steel  (for  cutlery,  etc.),  or  rolled  to  spring- 
steel.  Puddled  steel  is  made  by  arresting  the  puddling  process  before 
wrought  iron  has  been  produced,  and  thus  retaining  enough  carbon 
in  the  bath  to  constitute  steel.  Natural  steel  is  a  similar  product, 
obtained  from  the  refining  of  cast-iron.  Crucible  cast-steel  is  steel 
made  by  the  fusion  in  crucibles,  either  of  blister-steel,  or  puddled 
steel,  or  steel-scrap,  or  other  ingredients  and  fluxes  which  will  produce 
the  desired  quality.  Cast-steel  in  its  widest  sense,  as  now  employed, 
comprises  all  malleable  compounds-  of  iron  produced  by  fusion,  in- 
cluding therefore  the  Bessemer  and  open-hearth  metal.  Open-hearth, 
called  also  Mar  tin- Siemens  steel,  is  made  in  the  reverberatory  furnace 
(almost  invariably  a  gas-furnace  on  the  Siemens  regenerative  system, 
since  an  intense  temperature  is  required)  by  the  reaction,  in  the 
fused  bath,  of  cast-iron  with  wrought-iron,  iron-oxide,  or  iron  ore. 
At  a  certain  stage  of  the  process  a  deoxidizing  or  recarburizing  agent 
(spiegeleisen,  ferromanganese)  is  added.  Chrome-steel  is  a  crucible 
cast-steel  in  which  chromium  is  a  constituent.  Tungsten  or  Wolf- 
ram-steel is  a  steel  containing  tungsten.  Phosphorus-steel  is  a  steel 
in  which  the  amount  of  phosphorus  exceeds  that  of  carbon.  Damas- 
cus-steel is  a  laminated  mixture  of  steel  and  wrought  iron.  India- 
steel  or  Wootz  is  manufactured  in  India  direct  from  the  ore. 

Stemmer,  NEWC.     See  Tamping-bar. 

Stemming,  NEWC.  The  tamping  put  above  the  charge  in  a  bore- 
hole. 


84        A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Stempel  or  Stemple.  1.  DERB.  One  of  the  cross-bars  of  wood 
placed  in  a  mine-shaft  to  serve  as  steps.  2.  A  stull-piece.  3.  A  cap, 
both  sides  of  which  are  hitched  instead  of  being  supported  upon  legs. 
See  Stull 

Stenton,  NEWC.  A  passage  between  two  winning  headways.  A 
stenton-wall  is  the  pillar  of  coal  between  them. 

Step-grate.  A  grate  made  in  steps  or  stairs,  to  promote  complete- 
ness of  the  combustion  of  the  coal  burned  upon  it. 

Step-vein.  A  vein  alternately  cutting  through  the  strata  of 
country-rockj  and  running  parallel  with  them. 

Stetefeldt  furnace.  A  shaft-furnace  for  desulphurizing  or  chlori- 
dizing-roasting,  in  which  the  pulverized  charge  falls  freely  down  the 
shaft, 

Stirrup.     See  Temper-screw. 

Stockwork  (GERM.,  Stockwerk).  An  ore-deposit  of  such  a  form 
that  it  is  worked  in  floors  or  stories.  It  may  be  a  solid  mass  of  ore, 
or  a  rock-mass  so  interpenetrated  by  small  veins  of  ore  that  the 
whole  must  be  mined  together.  Stockworks  are  distinguished  from 
tabular  or  sheet-deposits  (veins,  beds),  which  have  a  small  thickness 
in  comparison  with  their  extension  in  the  main  plane  of  the  deposit 
(that  is,  in  strike  and  dip). 

Stone-coal.     See  Coal. 

Stone-head^  ENG.  The  solid  rock  first  encountered  in  sinking  a 
shaft. 

Stoop-and- Rooms,  SCOT.     See  Post-and-Stall. 

Stope,  CORN.  To  excavate  ore  in  a  vein  by  driving  horizontally 
upon  it  a  series  of  workings,  one  immediately  over  the  other,  or  vice 
versa.  Each  horizontal  working  is  called  a  stope  (probably  a  corrup- 
tion of  step),  because  when  a  number  of  them  are  in  progress,  each 
working  face  being  a  little  in  advance  of  the  next  above  or  below,  the 
whole  face  under  attack  assumes  the  shape  of  a  flight  of  stairs.  When 
the  first  stope  is  begun  at  a  lower  corner  of  the  body  of  ore  to  be  re- 
moved, and,  after  it  has  advanced  a  convenient  distance,  the  next  is 
commenced  above  it,  and  so  on,  the  process  is  called  over-hand  stoping. 
When  the  first  stope  begins  at  an  upper  corner,  and  the  succeeding 
ones  are  below  it,  it  is  under-hand  stoping.  The  term  stoping  is 
loosely  applied  to  any  subterranean  extraction  of  ore  except  that 
which  is  incidentally  performed  in  sinking  shafts,  driving  levels,  etc., 
for  the  purpose  of  opening  the  mine. 

Stopping.     1.  See  Stoping.     2.  A  partition  of  boards,  masonry, 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         85 

or  rubbish,  to  stop  the  air-current  in  a  mine,  or  force  it  to  take  a 
special  desired  direction. 

Stove.     The  oven  in  which  the  blast  of  a  furnace  is  heated. 

Stove-coal,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

Stowbord,  NEWC.     A  place  into  which  rubbish  is  put. 

Stowce.  1.  A  windlass.  2.  DERB.  Stowces  are  wooden  land- 
marks, placed  to  indicate  possession  of  mining  ground. 

Stowing.  A  method  of  mining  in  which  all  the  material  of  the 
vein  is  removed  and  the  waste  is  packed  into  the  space  left  by  the 
working. 

Straightening  press.  A  power-press  to  straighten  iron  and  steel 
bars,  such  as  rails,  shafting,  etc. 

Stroke ,  CORN.  An  inclined  launder  for  separating  or  tying  ground 
ore  in  water. 

Stratum.     A  bed  or  layer. 

Streak.  The  powder  of  a  mineral,  or  the  mark  which  it  makes 
when  rubbed  upon  a  harder  surface. 

Stream-tin,  CORN.     Tin-ore  in  alluvial  deposits,  as  pebbles. 

Stream- work,  CORN.     Work  on  stream-tin. 

Streamers,  CORN.     Searchers  for  stream-tin. 

Striated.     Marked  with  parallel  grooves  or  strice. 

Strike.  The  direction  of  a  horizontal  line,  drawn  in  the  middle 
plane  of  a  vein  or  stratum  not  horizontal. 

String,  CORN.     A  small  vein. 

Stringing-deals,  ENG.  Thin  planks,  nailed  to  the  inside  of  the 
curbs  in  a  shaft,  so  as  to  suspend  each  curb  from  those  above  it. 

Strip.  To  remove  from  a  quarry,  or  other  open  working,  the 
overlying  earth  and  disintegrated  or  barren  surface  rock. 

Studdles,  CORN.  1.  Props  supporting  the  middle  of  stulls.  2. 
Distance-pieces  between  successive  frames  of  timbering. 

Stutt,  CORN.  A  platform  (stull- cover ing),  laid  on  timbers  (stutt- 
pieces),  braced  across  a  working  from  side  to  side,  to  support  work- 
men or  to  carry  ore  or  waste. 

Stulm.     See  Adit.     From  the  GERM.  Stollen. 

Stump,  PENN.  A  small  pillar  of  coal,  left  at  the  foot  of  a  breast 
to  protect  the  gangway. 

Stup.  A  pulverized  mixture  of  clay  and  coke  or  coal.  Probably 
from  the  GERM.  Gestubbe. 

Sturt.     A  tr&ttfe-bargain  which  turns  out  profitable  for  the  miner. 

Stythe,  NEWC.      Choke-damp. 


86        A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Sublimation.  The  volatilization  and  condensation  of  a  solid  sub- 
stance, without  fusion. 

Sublimation-theory.  The  theory  that  a  vein  was  filled  first  with 
metallic  vapors. 

Sucker-rod.     The  pump-rod  of  an  oil-well. 

Sulphur.  I.  Iron  pyrites.  2.  Carburetted  or  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen. 

Sulphurets,  PAC.  In  miners'  phrase,  the  undecomposed  metallic 
ores,  usually  sulphides.  Chiefly  applied  to  auriferous  pyrites. 

Sump,  CORN,  (from  GERM.  Sumpf.).  The  space  left  below  the 
lowest  landing  in  a  shaft  to  collect  the  mine-water.  The  lowest 
pump  draws  from  it.  2.  NEWC.  That  part  of  ajudd  of  coal  which 
is  extracted  first. 

Sump-fuse.     A  waterproof  fuse. 

Swad,  NEWC.  A  thin  layer  of  stone  or  refuse  coal  at  the  bottom 
of  the  seam. 

Swape.     An  implement  for  shaping  the  edge  of  a  boring-bit. 

Swalls,  Swallows  or  Swallow -holes.  Surface  holes  caused  by  the  sub- 
sidence of  rocks ;  or  openings  into  which  mine-water  disappears. 

Swamp.  A  depression  in  a  nearly  horizontal  bed,  in  which  water 
may  collect. 

Swedish  process.     See  German  process. 

Sweeping  table.     A  stationary  buddle. 

Sweeps.  The  dust  of  the  workshops  of  jewellers,  goldsmiths, 
silversmiths,  and  assayers  and  refiners  of  gold  and  silver. 

Sweet-roasting.     See  Roasting. 

Synclinal.  The  axis  of  a  depression  of  the  strata ;  also  the  de- 
pression itself.  Opposed  to  anticlinal,  which  is  the  axis  of  an  eleva- 
tion. 

Tackle,  CORN.     The  windlass,  rope,  and  kibble. 

Tacklers,  DERB.     Small  chains  put  around  loaded  corves. 

Tail-house,  Tail-mill.    The  buildings  in  which  tailings  are  treated. 

Tailing.     See  Blossom. 

Tailings.'  The  lighter  and  sandy  portions  of  the  ore  on  a  buddle 
or  in  a  sluice.  The  headings  are  accumulated  or  discharged  at  the 
upper  end,  the  middlings  in  the  middle,  while  the  tailings  escape  at 
the  foot.  The  term  tailings  is  used  in  a  general  sense  for  the  refuse 
cf  reduction-processes  other  than  smelting. 

Tail-race.  The  channel  in  which  tailings,  suspended  in  water,  are 
conducted  away. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         87 

Tamp.  To  fill  (usually  with  clay-tamping)  the  bore-hole  or  other 
opening  through  which  an  explosive  charge  has  been  introduced  for 
blasting. 

Tamping-bar,  CORN. 

Tank.  A.  subterranean  reservoir  into  which  a  pump  delivers 
water  for  another  pump  to  raise. 

Tap-cinder.  The  cinder  drawn  from  a  puddling -furnace  or 
bloomary. 

Tap-hole.  The  opening  through  which  the  molten  metal  is 
tapped  or  drawn  from  a  furnace. 

Teem,  ENG.     1.  To  dump.     2.  To  pour  steel  from  a  melting-pot. 

Temper.  1.  To  grind  and  mix  plastic  materials,  such  as  clay,  or 
the  ingredients  of  mortar.  2.  To  give  the  metals  (especially  steel)  the 
desired  degree  of  hardness  and  elasticity  by  a  process  of  heating  and 
cooling,  suitably  regulated.  A  metallic  compound  in  which  these 
qualities  can  thus  be  produced  is  said  to  temper,  or  to  take  temper. 

Tempering-bar.     See  Furgen. 

Temper-screw.  A  screw-connection  for  lengthening  the  column  of 
boring-rods  as  boring  advances. 

Tenant-helve,  ENG.     See  Frontal-hammer. 

Tepetate,  SP.     Waste  rock  and  rubbish  in  a  mine. 

Terne-plate.  A  variety  of  tin-plate  coated  with  an  alloy  of  one- 
third  tin,  and  two-thirds  lead. 

Test.     See  Cupel. 

Test-ring.  An  oval  iron  frame  for  holding  a  test  or  movable 
cupelling-hearth. 

Thermo-aqueous.  Produced  by,  or  related  to,  the  action  of  heated 
waters. 

Thill,  NEWC.     The  floor  of  a  coal  mine. 

Thirling.     See  Thurling. 

Thomas  and  Gilchrist  process.     See  Jlasic  lining  process. 

Three-high  train.  A  roll-train  composed  of  three  rolls,  the  bar 
being  entered  on  one  side  between  the  Bottom  and  the  middle  roll, 
and  on  the  other  side  between  the  middle  and  the  upper  roll.  The 
passes  in  both  directions  thus  take  place  without  reversing  the  move- 
ment of  the  rolls,  as  is  done  in  so-called  reversing  rolls. 

Throw.  A  dislocation  or  fault  of  a  vein  or  stratum,  which  has 
been  throivn  up  or  down  by  the  movement. 

Throwing,  S.  STAFF.  The  operation  of  breaking  out  the  spurns, 
so  as  to  leave  the  hanging  coal  unsupported,  except  by  its  own  co- 
hesion. 


88         A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Thrust.  The  breaking  down  or  the  slow  descent  of  the  roof  of  a 
gangway.  Compare  Creep. 

Thurlj  S.  STAFF.     To  cut  through  from  one  working  into  another. 

Thurlings.  Passages  cut  from  room  to  room,  in  post-and-stall 
working. 

Thurst.  The  ruins  of  the  fallen  roof,  after  pillars  and  stalls  have 
been  removed. 

Ticketings,  CORN.     Meetings  for  the  sale  of  ores. 

Tick-hole.     See  Vug. 

Tierras,  SP.  Fine  dirt  impregnated  with  quicksilver  ore,  which 
must  be  made  into  adobes  before  roasting. 

Tiger.     See  Nipping-fork. 

Tile-copper.     See  Bottoms  (2). 

Tiller*     See  Brace-head. 

Tilt-hammer.  A  hammer  for  shingling  or  forging  iron,  arranged 
as  a  lever  of  the  first  or  third  order,  and  " tilted"  or  "  tripped  "  by 
means  of  a  cam  or  cog-gearing,  and  allowed  to  fall  upon  the  billet, 
bloom,  or  bar. 

Tin-frame,  CORN.  A  sleeping-table  used  in  dressing  tin-ore  slimes, 
and  discharged  by  turning  it  upon  an  axis  till  its  surface  is  nearly 
vertical,  and  then  dashing  water  over  it,  to  remove  the  enriched  de- 
posit. A  machine-frame  or  self-acting  frame  thus  discharges  itself 
automatically  at  intervals ;  a  hand-frame  is  turned  for  the  purpose 
by  hand. 

Tin-ores.  Tinstone  (cassiterite,  oxide);  tin-pyrites  (stannite,  sul- 
phide of  tin,  copper,  iron  and  zinc).  The  latter  is  not,  so  far  as  I 
am  aware,  now  actually  treated  for  tin.  Ores  containing  it  are 
smelted  as  copper-ores,  and  the  tin  is  lost. 

Tin-plate.     Sheet-iron  coated  with  tin. 

Tin-witts,  CORN.  The  product  of  the  first  dressing  of  tin-ores, 
containing,  besides  tinstone,  other  heavy  minerals  (wolfram  and 
metallic  sulphides).  It  must  be  roasted  before  it  can  be  further 
concentrated.  Its  first  or  partial  roasting  is  called  rag-burning. 

Tipe.     To  upset  or  "dump"  a  skip. 

Toadstone.     A  kind  of  trap-rock. 

Ton.  For  many  things,  such  as  coal  and  iron,  the  ton  in  use  is 
the  long  ton  of  20  hundredweight  at  112  pounds  avoirdupois. 
Allowances  ("sandage,"  etc.),  are  made  in  weighing  pig-iron  and 
other  crude  metals,  so  that  the  "  smelter's  ton"  is  still  greater.  The 
Cornish  mining  ton  is  21  hundredweight  or  2352  pounds  avoirdupois. 


A    GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.        89 

In  gold  and  silver  mining,  and  throughout  the  Western  States,  the 
ton  is  the  short  ton  of  2000  pounds. 

Tonite.     A  nitrated  gun-cotton,  used  in  blasting. 

Top-wall.     See  Hanging-wall. 

Torta,  SP.  A  flat  heap  of  silver  ore  (slime  or  pulp)  prepared  for 
the  patio  process. 

Tossing  or  tozing,  CORN.  1.  Washing  ores  by  violent  agitation  in 
water,  their  subsidence  being  accelerated  by  packing  or  striking  with 
a  hammer  the  Jceeve  in  which  the  operation  is  performed.  Chimming 
is  a  similar  process  on  a  smaller  scale.  2.  Refining  tin  by  allowing 
it,  while  molten,  to  fall  several  feet  through  the  air. 

Touchstone.  A  black,  hard  stone  (basalt  or  jasper),  on  which  the 
fineness  of  an  alloy  of  gold  and  silver  can  be  tested  by  comparing  its 
streak  with  that  of  a  piece  of  alloy  (touch-needle)  of  known  fineness. 

Tough-cake.     Refined  or  commercial  copper. 

Toughening.     Refining,  as  of  copper  or  gold. 

Tough-pitch.     See  Tough-cake. 

Towt,  NEWC.     A  piece  of  old  rope. 

Train.     See  Roll-train. 

Tram,  WALES.  1.  A  four-wheeled  truck  to  carry  a  tub,corve,  or 
hutch,  or  to  carry  coal  or  ore  on  a  railroad.  2.  One  of  the  rails  of 
a  tramroad  or  railroad. 

Trap.  In  miners'  parlance,  any  dark,  igneous  or  apparently 
igneous,  or  volcanic  rock. 

Trap- door.     See  Weather-door. 

Tra.piche,  SP.  A  rude  grinding  machine,  composed  of  two  stones, 
of  which  the  upper  is  fastened  to  a  long  pole. 

Trapper.     NEWC.     A  boy  who  opens  and  shuts  the  trap-door. 

Tribute,  CORN.  A  portion  of  ore  given  to  the  miner  for  his  labor. 
Tributors  are  miners  working  under  contract,  to  be  paid  by  a  tribute 
of  ore  or  its  equivalent  price,  the  basis  of  the  remuneration  being 
the  amount  of  clean  ore  contained  in  the  crude  product. 

Trip-hammer.     See  Tilt-hammer. 

Trogue.     A  wooden  trough,  forming  a  drain. 

Trolly.  A  small  four  or  two-wheeled  truck,  without  a  body. 
The  two-wheeled  trolly  is  used  in  a  rolling-mill  to  wheel  the  puddle- 
balls  to  the  squeezer. 

Trombe  or  Trompe,  FR.  An  apparatus  for  producing  an  air-blast 
by  means  of  a  falling  stream  of  water,  which  mechanically  carries 
air  down  with  it,  to  be  subsequently  separated  and  compressed  iu  a 

reservoir  or  drum  below. 

12 


90         A    GLOSSARY   OF   MINING   AND   METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Trommel.     A  revolving  sieve  for  sizing  ores. 

Trouble,  NEWC.     A  dislocation  of  the  strata. 

Trow.     A  wooden  channel  for  air  or  water. 

Trumpeting,  S.  STAFF.     A  small  channel  cut  behind  the  brick- 
work of  a  shaft  lined  with  masonry. 

Trunk,  CORN.    A  long  narrow  box  or  square  tube,  usually  of  wood. 

Trunking,  CORN.     Separating  slimes  by  means  of  a  trunk. 

Tubbing.     A  shaft-lining  of  casks  or  cylindrical  caissons,  of  iron 
or  wood.     See  Plank-tubbing. 

Tubing.     Lining  a  deep  bore-hole  by  driving  down  iron  tubes. 

Tubs,  NEWC.     Boxes  for  lowering  coals.     See  Trolly. 

Tuff  or  Tufa.     A  soft  sandstone  or  calcareous  deposit. 

Tug,  DERB.     The  iron  hook  of  a  hoisting  bucket,  to  which  the 
tacklers  are  attached. 

Tunnel.     1.  A  nearly  horizontal  underground  passage,  open  at 
both  ends  to  day.     2.  PAC.     See  Adit. 

Tunnel-head.     The  top  of  a  shaft-furnace. 

Turbary.     A  peat-bog. 

Turn.     A  pit  sunk  in  a  drift. 

Tarn-bat.     A  wooden  stick  used  in  turning  the  tongs  which  hold 
a  6/oo77i  under  the  hammer. 

Turning- house.     The  first  working  on  a  vein  where  it  has  been 
intersected  by  a  cross-cut. 

Tut-work.     See  Dead-work.     In  general,  work  paid  for  by  the 
amount  of  excavation,  not  (as  in  tribute)  of  product. 

Tuyere,  Tweer,  Twyer  or  Twere.     A  pipe  inserted  in  the  wall  of  a 
furnace,  through  which  the  blast  is  forced  into  the  furnace.     Usually 
the  tuyere  enters  through  an  embrasure  in  the  masonry  (tuyere-arch). 
A  nozzle  or  interior  pipe  is  frequently  inserted  at  the  inner  end  of 
the  tuyere.     By  changing  the  nozzle,  the  size  of  the  opening  for  the 
blast  may  be  thus  regulated  without  changing  the  tuyere.     The  latter 
is  either  an  annular  hollow  casting  of  iron  (box-tuyere)  or  bronze 
(bronze  tuyere),  or  a  coil  of  iron  pipe.     In  either  case,  water  is  con- 
tinually circulated  through  it,  to  protect  it  and  the  nozzle  from  the 
action  of  the  melting  materials  in  the  furnace.     Spray-tuyeres  are 
open  box-tuyeres,  in  which  a  spray  of  water,  instead  of  a  current,  is 
employed.     This  is  vaporized  by  the  heat,  and  passes  away  as  steam. 
Tuyere-plate.     See  Bloomary. 
Tying,  CORN.     See  Strake. 
Tymp.     A  hollow  iron  casting,  cooled  interiorly  by  a  current  of 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   MINING  AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         91 

water,  and  placed  to  protect  the  tymp-arch,  or  arch  over  the  dam,  in 
a  blast  furnace  having  a  fore- hearth.     (See  Open  front.} 

Under-hand.     See  Stope. 

Underlay  er,  CORN.     A  vertical  shaft  sunk  to  cut  a  lode. 

Underlie  or  Underlay,  CORN.  The  departure  of  a  vein  or  stratum 
from  the  vertical,  usually  measured  in  horizontal  feet  per  fathom  of 
inclined  depth.  Thus  a  dip  of  60°  is  an  underlay  of  three  feet  per 
fathom.  The  underlay  expressed  in  feet  per  fathom  is  six  times  the 
natural  cosine  of  the  angle  of  the  dip.  See  Dip. 

Under-poled  copper.  Copper  not  poled  enough  to  remove  all  sub- 
oxide. 

Universal  train.  A  roll  train  having  adjustable  horizontal  and 
vertical  rolls,  so  as  to  produce  sections  of  various  sizes. 

Unwater.     To  drain  or  pump  water  from  a  mine. 

Upcast.  1.  A  lifting  of  a  coal  seam  by  a  dike.  2.  The  opening 
through  which  the  ventilating  current  passes  out  of  a  mine.  See 
Downcast. 

Upraise.     See  Rise. 

UrJs  process.  The  treatment  of  quicksilver  ores  by  heating  in 
iron  retorts  with  admixture  of  lime. 

Vail'  AUa  furnace.     See  Hdhner  furnace. 

Vamping.  The  debris  of  a  stope,  which  forms  a  hard  mass  under 
the  feet  of  the  miner. 

Vanning,  CORN.  A  method  of  washing  ore  on  a  shovel,  analo- 
gous to  panning.  Concentrating  machines  are  sometimes  called 
vanners.  See  Percussion-table. 

Vein.  See  Lode.  The  term  vein  is  also  sometimes  applied  to 
small  threads,  or  subordinate  features  of  a  larger  deposit. 

Vena,  SP.     A  small  vein. 

Vend,  NEWC.     The  total  sales  of  coal  from  a  colliery. 

Verifier.  A  tool  used  in  deep  boring  for  detaching  and  bringing 
to  the  surface  portions  of  the  wall  of  the  bore-hole  at  any  desired 
depth. 

Vermilion.     Mercury  sulphide. 

Vestry,  NEWC.     Refuse. 

Veta,  SP.     A  vein.     As  compared  with  vena,  veta  is  the  main  vein. 

Viewer.     A  colliery  manager. 

Vigorite.     See  Explosives. 


92          A   GLOSSARY   OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS. 

Vug,  vugg,  or  vugh.  A  cavity  in  the  rock,  usually  lined  with  a 
crystalline  incrustation.  See  Geode. 

Wad-hook.  A  tool  with  two  spiral  steel  blades  for  removing  frag- 
ments from  the  bottom  of  deep  bore-holes. 

Wagon.  A  four-wheeled  vehicle  used  in  coal  mines,  usually  con- 
taining 75  to  100  cubic  feet. 

Wagon-breast.     A  breast  into  which  wagons  can  be  taken. 

Wale,  NEWC.  To  clean  coal  by  picking  out  the  refuse  by  hand. 
The  boys  who  do  this  are  called  Waters. 

Wall.  \.  The  side  of  a  level  or  drift.  2.  The  country-rock  bound- 
ing a  vein  laterally. 

Wall-plates,  CORN.  The  two  side-pieces  of  a  timber  frame  in  a 
shaft,  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the  lode  when  the  shaft  is  sunk  on  the 
lode.  The  other  two  pieces  are  the  end-pieces. 

Washer.     See  Ore-washer. 

Water-jacket.     See  Jacket. 

Waste,  NEWC.  Old  workings.  The  signification  seems  to  include 
that  of  both  goaf  and  gob. 

Wastrel.     A  tract  of  waste  land  or  any  waste  material. 

Water-barrel  or  Water-tank.  A  barrel  or  box,  with  a  self-acting 
valve  at  the  bottom,  used  for  hoisting  water  in  lieu  of  a  pump. 

Water-level.  1.  The  level  at  which,  by  natural  or  artificial  drain- 
age, water  is  removed  from  a  mine  or  mineral  deposit.  2.  A  drift 
at  the  water-level. 

Water-packer.  A  water-tight  packing  of  leather  between  the  pipe 
and  the  walls  of  a  bore-hole. 

Way-shaft.     See  Blind-shaft. 

Weather-door.  A  door  in  a  level  to  regulate  the  ventilating 
current. 

Weathering.  Changing  under  the  effect  of  continued  exposure  to 
atmospheric  agencies. 

Wedging-curb  or  Wedging-crib,  ENG.  A  curb  used  to  make  a 
water-tight  packing  between  the  tubbing  in  a  shaft  and  the  rock- 
walls,  by  means  of  split  deals,  moss,  and  wedges,  driven  in  between 
the  curb  and  the  rock. 

Weld. .  To  join  pieces  of  metal  by  pressure,  at  a  temperature  be- 
low that  of  complete  fusion. 

Weld-iron.     Wrought-iron.     See  Iron  and  Steel. 

Weld-steel.     See  Steel. 

Well.     The  crucible  of  a  furnace. 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL   TERMS.         93 

Welsh  process.     See  English  process, 

Wetherill  furnace.  A  furnace  with  perforated  iron  bottom,  under 
which  a  blast  is  introduced,  and  upon  which  zinc-ore  (red  oxide)  is 
reduced. 

Wharl  or  Wharr,  NBWC.  A  sledge  for  hauling  corves  in  low 
drifts. 

Wheal,  CORN.     A  mine. 

Whim  or  Whimsey.  A  machine  for  hoisting  by  means  of  a  verti- 
cal drum,  revolved  by  horse  or  steam  power. 

Whin  or  Whinstone,  NEWC.  Basaltic  rock;  any  hard,  unstrati- 
fied  rock.  In  Scotland,  greenstone. 

Whip.  The  simplest  horse-power  hoisting  machine,  consisting  of 
a  fixed  pulley  and  a  hoisting  rope  passing  over  it,  to  which  the 
animal  is  directly  attached. 

White-ash,  PENN.     See  Coal. 

White-damp.  A  poisonous  gas  sometimes  (more  rarely  than  fire- 
damp or  choke-damp,  etc.),  encountered  in  coal  mines.  It  has  been 
supposed  to  contain  carbonic  oxide,  but  this  is  doubtful. 

White  furnace.     See  How  ell  furnace. 

White-lead.     Carbonate  of  lead. 

White  tin,  CORN.     Metallic  tin. 

Whits  or  Witts,  CORN.     See  Tin-witts. 

Whitwell  stove.  A  fire-brick  hot-blast  stove,  on  the  regenerative 
system. 

Whole-working,  NEWC.  Working  where  the  ground  is  still  whole, 
i.  e.,  has  not  been  penetrated  as  yet  with  breasts.  Opposed  to  pillar- 
work,  or  the  extraction  of  pillars  left  to  support  previous  work. 

Wild  lead.     Zinc-blende. 

Wicket.     A  breast.     See  Breast,  and  Post-and-stall. 

Wimble.     A  shell-auger  used  for  boring  in  soft  ground. 

Win.     To  extract  ore  or  coal. 

Windbore,  NEWC.     The  pipe  at  the  bottom  of  a  set  of  pumps. 

Winch  or  Windlass.  A  man-power  hoisting  machine,  consisting 
of  a  horizontal  drum  with  crank  handles. 

Winding.     Hoisting  with  a  rope  and  drum. 

Winds.     See  Winze. 

Winning.  I.  A  new  opening.  2.  The  portion  of  a  coal  field  laid 
out  for  working. 

Winning  headways.  NEWC.  Headways  driven  to  explore  and 
open  out  the  coal  seam. 

Winze.     An  interior  shaft,  usually  connecting  two  levels. 


94        A   GLOSSARY    OP    MINING    AND    METALLURGICAL    TERMS. 

Wood-tin.     Tinstone  of  light  wood-color. 

Wootz.     See  Steel 

Work.     Ore  not  yet  dressed. 

Working.  See  Labor.  The  Spanish  and  the  English  term  are 
synonymous  in  meaning  and  alike  in  application.  A  working  may 
be  a  shaft,  quarry,  level,  open-cut,  or  slope,  etc. 

Working-barrel,  CORN.  The  cylinder  in  which  a  pump  piston 
works. 

Working  home.  Working  toward  the  main  shaft  in  extracting  ore 
or  coal,  as  in  longwall  retreating. 

Working-out.  Working  away  from  the  main  shaft  in  extracting 
ore  or  coal,  as  in  longwall  advancing. 

Work-lead.     See  Base  bullion. 

Yellow-ore.     CORN.    Chalcopyrite.     See  Copper  ores. 
Yokings.     See  Stowces. 

Zawn,  CORN.     A  cavern. 

Ziervog el  process.  The  extraction  of  silver  from  sulphuret  ores  or 
matte  by  roasting  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  sulphate  of  silver, 
leaching  this  out  with  hot  water,  and  precipitating  the  silver  by 
means  of  metallic  copper. 

Zighyr,  zigger,  or  sicker,  CORN.  To  percolate,  trickle  or  ooze,  as 
water  through  a  crack.  From  the  GERM.,  sickern. 

Zinc-dust.  Finely-divided  zinc,  zinc-oxide,  and  impurities,  inci- 
dentally produced  in  the  manufacture  of  spelter.  It  is  sometimes 
used  as  an  inferior  paint  (zinc-gray}. 

Zinc-gray.     See  Zinc-dust. 

Zinc-ores.  -Red  ore  (zincite,  oxide) ;  black-jack  (zinc-blende,  sphal- 
erite, sulphide) ;  zinc-spar  (noble  calamine,  Smithsonite,  carbonate, 
and  earthy  calamine,  hydrozincite,  hyd rated  carbonate) ;  silicious  oxide 
(willemite,  anhydrous,  and  calamine,  hydrated  silicate). 

Zinc-scum.  The  zinc-silver  alloy  skimmed  from  the  surface  of 
the  bath  in  the  process  of  desilverization  of  lead  by  zinc. 

Zinc-white.     Oxide  of  zinc. 

Zones.  In  a  shaft-furnace,  the  different  portions  (horizontal  sec- 
tions) are  called  zones,  and  characterized  according  to  the  reactions 
which  take  place  in  them,  as  the  zone  of  fusion  or  smelting -zone,  the 
reduction-zone,  etc. 


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